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he admitted that this was the case

  • 1 admit

    admit [ədˈmɪt]
       a. ( = let in) laisser entrer
       b. ( = acknowledge) admettre
    • I must admit that... je dois admettre que...
       c. [criminal, wrongdoer] avouer
    ► admit to inseparable transitive verb reconnaître ; [+ crime] avouer
    * * *
    [əd'mɪt]
    transitive verb (p prés etc - tt-)
    1) ( accept) reconnaître, admettre [mistake, fact]

    to admit to — reconnaître [error, mistake, fact]

    it is annoying, I (must ou have to) admit — c'est embêtant, je dois l'avouer

    2) ( confess) avouer [crime]; reconnaître [guilt]
    3) laisser entrer [person] ( into dans)

    ‘dogs not admitted’ — ‘entrée interdite aux chiens’

    4) [club] admettre [person] (to à)

    English-French dictionary > admit

  • 2 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 3 indeed

    Также как и в случае с частицей actually, базовой функцией частицы indeed является функция указания на действительное положение дел. Indeed употребляется в этой функции достаточно часто и обычно переводится русским действительно:

    • "... I had been promised a meeting with one Julius Gore-Urquhart, of whom you may have heard." Dixon had indeed heard of Gore-Urquhart... (KA: 47)


    "... Мне обещали встречу с неким Джулиусом Гор-Эркхартом, о котором вы, возможно, слышали." Диксон действительно слышал о Гор-Эркхарте...


    • She asked the Duchess of Abercorn whether this was indeed the case. (EL: 147)


    Она спросила герцогиню Эберкорн, действительно ли это так (так ли это на самом деле).


    • Angelica, he learns from Tardieu, was indeed at the conference, but didn't join the sightseeing tour. (DL: 298)


    Как он узнал от Тардье, Анжелика действительно была на конференции, но не поехала со всеми на экскурсию по городу.


    Нередко можно встретить случаи, когда указание на действительное положение дел носит эмфатический характер. Довольно типичны, в частности, случаи, когда говорящий с помощью частицы подчеркивает, что у него нет абсолютно никаких сомнений в правильности своей оценки или суждения:

    • "... we've had a deluge, indeed, from all over the country. Cards, calls, the most glorious flowers..." (DT: 390)


    "Мы получили настоящий поток соболезнований со всей страны. Открытки, звонки, великолепные цветы..."


    • "This has been an odd morning indeed. Most peculiar. I'll tell you about it on the way." (DT: 559)


    "Сегодня поистине необычное утро. Чрезвычайно странное. Я тебе все расскажу по пути."


    Встречаются также и другие случаи эмфазы с помощью indeed. Стоит упомянуть, в частности, интенсификацию маловероятности в придаточном предложении, вводимом союзом if:

    • For the first time he couldn't avoid imagining what she'd say to him, if indeed she'd say something, when he next saw her. (KA: 64)


    Он впервые невольно представил, что она ему скажет, если она вообще что-то скажет, при их следующей встрече.


    Интересны также случаи, когда indeed используется для подчеркивания истинности предшествующего высказывания, что в русском часто осуществляется с помощью частицы и:

    • Moreover, by yielding now he would be able to bob up again, as indeed he did a week or so later... (EL: 256)


    Более того, уступив сейчас, он сможет опять сделать по-своему, что и случилось примерно неделю спустя...


    Другую распространенную функцию частицы indeed можно определить как введение актуального комментария. В этой своей функции частица соединяет два высказывания (или части сложного предложения), причем второе выступает как актуальный комментарий к первому и нередко усиливает его. Русские эквиваленты частицы indeed в этой функции сильно зависят от контекста и степени усиления. Как видно из нижеследующих примеров, встречаются как относительно нейтральное на самом деле, так и эксплицитно усилительные даже и более того:

    • Why did she take the unusual course of approaching the Prime Minister instead of speaking first to Lady Flora... ? Lady Tavistock, indeed, later said that she herself had wished to take up the matter direct with Lady Flora but 'circumstances' prevented her. (EL: 119)


    Почему она выбрала необычный путь и обратилась к премьер-министру вместо того, чтобы сначала поговорить с леди Флорой... ? На самом деле, позже леди Тэвисток говорила, что сама она хотела поднять вопрос напрямую с леди Флорой, но 'обстоятельства' помешали ей.


    •... a sign... that King Leopold was out of touch with his niece's situation. Indeed, he had admitted as much when he wrote to her on May 25th: 'My dearest child - You have had some... difficulties of which I am completely in the dark.' (EL: 72)


    ... признак... того, что король Леопольд был не в курсе дел своей племянницы. Фактически, он сам признал это в своем письме от 25 мая: 'Мое дорогое дитя, у вас возникли какие-то... трудности, но я пребываю в полном неведении.'


    • '... dear Bertie is so full of good & amiable qualities... that it makes one forget... much that one would wish different.' Nevertheless one did wish much different, indeed, almost his whole way of life. (EL: 457)


    '... у дорогого Берти так много хороших и приятных качеств, что забываешь многое из того, что хотелось бы изменить.' Однако при этом изменить хотелось немало, по сути весь его образ жизни.


    • The exhausted prince was unable, indeed unwilling to fill the gap. (EL: 364)


    Изнуренный принц не мог, да и не хотел заполнить образовавшийся вакуум.


    • The Princess's health... was back to normal; indeed she had to return... smart gaiters sent by Aunt Louise from Paris because they were too small. (EL: 68)


    Здоровье принцессы... восстановилось; ей даже пришлось вернуть нарядные гетры, присланные тетей Луизой из Парижа из-за того, что они оказались малы.


    • Victoria's character was in fact neither simple nor crystalline. Indeed, part of her fascination lies in her contradictions and inconsistencies... (EL: 54)


    Характер Виктории на самом деле не был ни простым, ни однозначным. Более того, ее обаяние отчасти заключается в свойственных ей противоречиях и непоследовательности.


    Иногда частица indeed может использоваться для выражения раздражения, указывая на то, что предшествующее высказывание, некое суждение является неточным, неправильным или оскорбительным, или же некое событие представляется неприемлемым или возмутительным.
    Рассмотрим следующие примеры:

    • '... I should have said that husband of yours had quite a roving eye!' 'Really, Blanche!' Joan flushed angrily. A roving eye, indeed. Rodney! ( AC2: 14)


    '... Я бы сказала, что этот твой муженек был порядочным бабником.'


    'Как ты можешь, Бланш!' Джоан покраснела от возмущения. Бабник! Как можно так сказать о Родни!


    • No she didn't blame Rodney - not even for that kiss she had surprised. Under the mistletoe indeed! ( AC2: 39)


    Нет, она не винила Родни, даже за тот поцелуй, случайным свидетелем которого она оказалась. И надо же, не где-нибудь, а под омелой!


    В первом примере раздражение героини вызвала предыдущая реплика собеседницы о ее муже, во втором - то, что ее муж целовался именно под омелой, деревом, под которым по традиции целуются влюбленные. Как видно, способ перевода на русский определяется конкретной ситуацией.

    Английские частицы. Англо-русский словарь > indeed

  • 4 hand

    1. [hænd] n
    I
    1. рука, кисть руки

    cupped hands - горсть; пригоршня

    laying on of the hands - церк. рукоположение

    hands off! - руки прочь!

    hands up! - а) руки вверх!; б) поднимите руки (на уроке и т. п.)

    to take [to hold] smb.'s hand - взять [держать] кого-л. за руку

    to lead smb. by the hand - вести кого-л. за руку

    2. 1) лапа, передняя нога ( обезьяны)
    2) лапа (сокола, попугая)
    3) клешня ( рака)
    4. сторона, направление, положение

    on all hands, on every hand - со всех сторон

    at his right [left] hand sat the President - справа [слева] от него сидел президент

    5. источник (сведений, информации и т. п.)

    a story heard at second hand - история, услышанная от третьего лица

    6. стрелка (часов, барометра и т. п.)
    7. крыло ( семафора)
    8. ком.
    1) пучок, связка
    2) окорок
    9. повод, поводья, узда
    10. ладонь, хенд (мера длины, равная четырём дюймам; ≈ 10,16 см)
    11. фактура (ткани и т. п.)

    the smooth hand of leather - мягкость /гладкость/ кожи

    II
    1. часто pl рабочий, работник ( занятый физическим трудом)

    hands wanted! - требуется рабочая сила!; требуются рабочие!

    farm hand - помощник на ферме; сельскохозяйственный рабочий

    2. 1) матрос
    2) pl мор. команда, экипаж ( судна)

    all hands on deck! - все наверх!

    all hands to quarters! - все по своим местам!

    3. pl группа, компания
    4. автор; исполнитель
    5. мастер своего дела; искусник, умелец; дока; человек, имеющий большой опыт в чём-л.

    to be a new hand at smth. - быть новичком в чём-л.

    she is a great hand at thinking up new games - она мастерица придумывать новые игры

    he is an old parliamentary hand - у него большой опыт парламентской деятельности

    6. умение, ловкость, мастерство; манера исполнения

    to be in hand with smth. - ловко /искусно/ делать что-л.

    to get one's hand in - набраться опыта; набить руку

    a pianist has to practise every day to keep his hand in - пианист должен упражняться ежедневно, чтобы сохранить беглость пальцев

    his hand is out - а) он устал; б) он отвык

    his hand had been out at tennis for so long that he could not get it in again - он так долго не играл в теннис, что совсем разучился

    7. 1) почерк

    to write a very legible hand - писать очень разборчиво, иметь очень разборчивый почерк

    2) подпись

    under hand and seal - юр. за подписью и печатью

    8. помощь

    a helping hand - а) помощь; б) помощник

    to give /to lend/ a hand - оказать помощь, помочь

    to bear a hand - помогать, содействовать

    9. роль, участие, доля

    to have a hand in smth. - участвовать в чём-л.; приложить руку к чему-л.

    10. театр. разг. аплодисменты

    to give smb. a big hand - громко /дружно/ аплодировать кому-л.

    III
    1. 1) контроль; власть, твёрдая рука

    to act with a heavy /high/ hand - действовать безжалостно; подавлять безжалостной рукой

    to keep a strict hand over smb. - держать кого-л. в ежовых рукавицах, держать кого-л. в руках

    2) обыкн. pl владение; распоряжение

    to change hands - перейти в другие руки; переходить из рук в руки

    to put oneself in smb.'s hands - довериться, вверить кому-л. свою судьбу

    the hotel has changed hands - в отеле новый владелец /хозяин/

    3) pl попечение, забота

    to take smth. on one's hands - принять на себя заботы о чём-л.

    2. 1) согласие, обещание

    here's my hand on it! - вот вам моя рука!, даю вам слово!

    2) согласие или предложение вступить в брак

    to ask smb.'s hand - просить чьей-л. руки

    3. карт.
    1) карты, находящиеся на руках у одного игрока

    I'm holding my hand! - я - пас

    2) игрок, рука
    3) партия; кон

    even hands - «при своих»

    ♢

    the hand of God - десница божья, провидение, божья воля

    at /амер. on/ hand - а) под рукой, рядом, неподалёку; б) готовый, доступный; there is always a doctor at hand - врач всегда в вашем распоряжении; всегда можно вызвать врача; в) близко, вскоре (тж. close at hand, near at hand)

    by hand - ручным способом, вручную

    to bring up /to feed/ a child [a calf] by hand - искусственно вскармливать ребёнка [телёнка]

    in hand - а) в руках; в наличии; в чьём-л. распоряжении; cash in hand - наличные деньги; he still has some money in hand - у него ещё остались деньги; I have five minutes in hand - у меня ещё пять минут в запасе; б) под контролем; to bear smb. in hand - держать кого-л. в руках /в своей власти/; I'll take it in hand - я этим займусь; я беру это на себя; to keep a car /a horse/ well in hand - хорошо смотреть /ухаживать/ за машиной /за лошадью/; to keep /to have/ oneself well in hand - не распускаться, не давать воли чувствам; держать себя в руках; в) в работе; в стадии рассмотрения

    the matter in hand - повестка дня; текущая /рассматриваемая/ проблема; вопрос, о котором идёт речь

    off hand - экспромтом; не раздумывая

    off one's hands - ≅ с плеч долой

    he can't get the work off his hands - он никак не может разделаться с этой работой

    on hand - на руках; в наличии

    to have too many goods (left) on hand /on one's hands/ - иметь в наличии слишком много товаров, затовариться

    I'm on hand if you need me - я буду рядом /здесь/ - позовите, если понадоблюсь

    out of hand - а) немедленно, быстро, экспромтом; недолго думая, с места в карьер; без долгих слов; to do smth. out of hand - сделать что-л. без промедления /экспромтом/; to reject smth. out of hand - отказать наотрез; отклонить (предложение и т. п.) без обсуждения; б) бесконтрольно; his wrath got out of hand - им овладела слепая ярость; в) отбившийся от рук; these children are quite out of hand - дети совсем распустились; г) сделанный, законченный (о работе, деле и т. п.)

    the case has been out of hand for some time - дело было закончено некоторое время назад

    to hand - а) поблизости, в пределах досягаемости; б) находящийся в чьём-л. распоряжении

    to come to hand - попасть в руки; прийти, поступить (о письме и т. п.); появиться; подвернуться

    take what comes next to hand - бери, что хочешь

    to one's hand - на свой манер, на свой лад

    to bring up to one's hand - воспитать /переделать/ на свой лад

    under hand - скрытно, тайком

    hand in hand - а) взявшись за руки; б) вместе, сообща

    hand to hand - ≅ лицом к лицу

    to fight hand to hand - сойтись /схватиться/ врукопашную

    hand over hand, hand over fist - а) быстро /живо/ и легко; to come up hand over hand - приближаться на всех парах ( о корабле); б) стабильно; медленно, но верно

    to climb hand over fist - карабкаться вверх, перебирая руками /перехватывая руки/

    hand over head - смело, очертя голову

    hand in /and/ glove (with) - в тесной связи; в тесном сотрудничестве

    they are hand in glove - они всегда заодно; они спелись

    hand and foot - а) по рукам и ногам; to bind hand and foot - связать по рукам и ногам; б) не за страх, а за совесть

    to serve hand and foot - служить не за страх, а за совесть

    heart and hand см. heart I ♢

    to live from hand to mouth - с трудом перебиваться; кое-как сводить концы с концами

    on the one hand..., on the other hand - с одной стороны..., с другой стороны

    at /on/ any hand - во всяком случае

    in the turning of a hand - уст. вмиг, в одно мгновение

    hands down - легко, без труда

    a man of quick hands - ловкий, быстрый, исполнительный человек

    to make a (good) hand of smth. - нагреть руки /поживиться/ на чём-л.

    to show one's hand - голосовать, поднимая руки

    to tip one's hand - преждевременно сообщать свои планы, раскрывать свои карты

    to stand one's hand - сл. заплатить за выпивку, угостить кого-л. спиртным

    to wring one's hands - ломать /заламывать/ руки (от отчаяния и т. п.)

    to kiss one's hand to smb. - послать кому-л. воздушный поцелуй

    to join hands - объединиться, объединить усилия

    to strike hands - ударить по рукам, договориться

    to shake hands with smb. - жать руку кому-л., здороваться или прощаться с кем-л. за руку

    throw up one's hands - опустить руки, признать своё поражение, спасовать

    to lay hands on smth. - завладеть чем-л.

    to lay hands on smb. - захватить, арестовать кого-л.

    to put one's hand on smth. - иметь что-л. под рукой

    to set /to put/ one's hands to a task - взяться за работу

    I don't know what to put my hands to fist - не знаю, с чего мне начать

    to put /to dip/ one's hand in the till - запускать руку в кассу

    to wash one's hands of smb. - снимать с себя ответственность (за кого-л.), умывать руки

    to have one's hands full - ≅ хлопот полон рот

    to have a light hand - быть деликатным /тактичным/

    to have clean hands - быть неподкупным /честным/

    to put the last hand to smth. - отделать что-л. начисто, завершить что-л.

    to get /to have/ the upper hand - одержать верх, одолеть, взять верх

    to lay violent hands on oneself - книжн. наложить на себя руки

    not to do a hand's turn - ничего не делать; ≅ не ударить палец о палец

    not to move hand or foot - ничего не делать /не предпринимать/; ≅ не ударить палец о палец

    play into the hand's of smb. /into smb.'s hands/ - играть на руку кому-л.; ≅ лить воду на чью-л. мельницу

    to sit on one's hands - а) сидеть сложа руки, выжидать; б) не аплодировать

    to be on /upon/ the mending hand - выздоравливать

    to spend money with both hands - сорить деньгами; швырять деньги направо и налево

    2. [hænd] a
    1. 1) ручной
    2) сделанный вручную, ручным способом

    hand getting - горн. ручная добыча /выемка/

    3) переносный
    4) наручный, для ношения на руке
    2. в грам. знач. нареч. вручную

    hand knitted - связанный вручную, ручной вязки

    3. [hænd] v
    1. передавать; вручать

    to hand smb. a discharge - разг. уволить кого-л.

    she was handed the prize for reading - ей вручили приз за чтение, она получила приз за чтение

    2. дотрагиваться, касаться
    3. (into, out of, to) провести за руку; помочь (войти, пройти)
    4. (обыкн. hand it to smb.)
    1) разг. отдавать должное

    you have to hand it to him, he could work - надо отдать ему должное, работать он умел; чего-чего, а умения работать у него не отнимешь

    2) признать себя побеждённым, уступить
    5. мор. убрать ( паруса)

    НБАРС > hand

  • 5 as ... as

    [æz...æz] corr cj
    1. такой же... как, так же... как ( при сравнении)

    he speaks English as easily as he speaks French - он говорит по-английски так же свободно, как по-французски

    he is as capable as his father - он такой же способный (человек), как его отец

    is it as interesting as that? - неужели это так интересно?

    as far as - а) до (какого-л. места); we walked as far as the post office - мы дошли до почты; б) насколько, поскольку

    as far as I can judge this is correct - насколько я могу судить, это правильно

    I shall help you as far as I can - я сделаю для вас всё, что смогу

    as far back as - ещё, давно

    as good as - в сущности, фактически

    the case is as good as lost - дело, в сущности, проиграно

    she has as good as admitted - она почти призналась; её слова фактически являются признанием

    as long as - а) до тех пор пока; keep it as long as you need it - держите это у себя, пока вам это (будет) нужно; б) поскольку; при условии

    as long as you apologize I'm satisfied - вы извинились, и мне этого вполне достаточно

    I will lend you the book as long as you keep it clean - я дам вам (почитать) эту книгу при условии, что вы будете аккуратно обращаться с ней

    as much /as many/ as - а) (столько) сколько; take as much /as many/ as you like - возьмите сколько хотите; I need as many men as you can spare - я использую всех людей, которых ты сможешь выделить; б) усил. целых; it weighs as much as 70 tons - это весит целых 70 тонн; we bought as many as six dictionaries - мы купили целых шесть словарей

    as recently as - ещё; всего, только

    as soon as - а) как только; as soon as he noticed it - как только он это заметил; б) столь же охотно; I would (just) as soon stay at home as go for a walk - мне всё равно, что сидеть дома, что идти гулять

    as well as - также; так же как; в дополнение; кроме того; не только... но и

    there was a couch as well as a bed in the room - в комнате, кроме кровати, была также кушетка

    he was a real scholar as well as a great composer - этот великий композитор был также настоящим учёным

    by day as well as by night - не только ночью, но и днём

    НБАРС > as ... as

  • 6 as... as

    такой же... как, так же... как (при сравнении) - he speaks English as easily as he speaks French он говорит по-английский так же свободно, как по-французски - he walked as fast as he could он спешил как только мог - he is as capable as his father он такой же способный (человек), как его отец - is it as interesting as that? неужели это так интересно? - one is as bad as the other один другого стоит - it is as easy as anything это очень легко в сочетаниях - as far as I can judge this is correct насколько я могу судить, это правильно - I shall help you as far as I can я сделаю для вас все, что смогу - as far back as еще, давно - as far back as three years целых три года назад - as good as в сущности, фактически - the case is as good as lost дело, в сущности, проиграно - she has as good as admitted она почти призналась;
    ее слова фактически являются признанием - as long as до тех пор пока - keep it as long as you need it держите это у себя, пока вам это (будет) нужно;
    поскольку;
    при условии - as long as you apologize I'm satisfied вы извинились, и мне этого вполне достаточно - I will lend you the book as long as you keep it clean я дам вам (почитать) эту книгу при условии, что вы будете аккуратно обращаться с ней - as much as (столько) сколько;
    (усилительно) целых - take as much as you like возьмите сколько хотите - I need as many men as you can spare я использую всех людей, которых ты сможешь выделить - it weighs as much as 70 tons это весит целых 70 тонн - we bought as many as six dictionaries мы купили целых шесть словарей - as recently as еще;
    всего, только - I saw him as recently as last week я видел его всего на прошлой неделе - as soon as как только;
    столь же охотно - as soon as he noticed it как только он это заметил - I would as soon stay at home as go for a walk мне все равно, что сидеть дома, что идти гулять - as well as также;
    так же как;
    в дополнение;
    кроме того;
    не только... но и - there was a couch as well as a bed in the room в комнате, кроме кровати, была также кушетка - he gave me advice as well as money кроме денег он дал мне также совет - he was a real scholar as well as a great composer этот великий композитор был также настоящим ученым - by day as well as by night не только ночью, но и днем

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > as... as

  • 7 as as

    as... as
    1> такой же... как, так же... как (при сравнении)
    _Ex:
    he speaks English as easily as he speaks French он говорит
    по-английский так же свободно, как по-французски
    _Ex:
    he walked as fast as he could он спешил как только мог
    _Ex:
    he is as capable as his father он такой же способный
    (человек), как его отец
    _Ex:
    is it as interesting as that? неужели это так интересно?
    _Ex:
    one is as bad as the other один другого стоит
    _Ex:
    it is as easy as anything это очень легко
    2> в сочетаниях
    _Ex:
    as far as I can judge this is correct насколько я могу судить,
    это правильно
    _Ex:
    I shall help you as far as I can я сделаю для вас все,
    что смогу
    _Ex:
    as far back as еще, давно
    _Ex:
    as far back as three years целых три года назад
    _Ex:
    as good as в сущности, фактически
    _Ex:
    the case is as good as lost дело, в сущности, проиграно
    _Ex:
    she has as good as admitted она почти призналась; ее слова
    фактически являются признанием
    _Ex:
    as long as до тех пор пока
    _Ex:
    keep it as long as you need it держите это у себя, пока вам
    это (будет) нужно; поскольку; при условии
    _Ex:
    as long as you apologize I'm satisfied вы извинились, и мне
    этого вполне достаточно
    _Ex:
    I will lend you the book as long as you keep it clean я дам
    вам (почитать) эту книгу при условии, что вы будете аккуратно
    3> обращаться с ней
    _Ex:
    as much as (столько) сколько; _усил. целых
    _Ex:
    take as much as you like возьмите сколько хотите
    _Ex:
    I need as many men as you can spare я использую всех людей,
    которых ты сможешь выделить
    _Ex:
    it weighs as much as 70 tons это весит целых 70 тонн
    _Ex:
    we bought as many as six dictionaries мы купили целых шесть
    словарей
    _Ex:
    as recently as еще; всего, только
    _Ex:
    I saw him as recently as last week я видел его всего на
    прошлой неделе
    _Ex:
    as soon as как только; столь же охотно
    _Ex:
    as soon as he noticed it как только он это заметил
    _Ex:
    I would as soon stay at home as go for a walk мне все равно,
    что сидеть дома, что идти гулять
    _Ex:
    as well as также; так же как; в дополнение; кроме того;
    не только... но и
    _Ex:
    there was a couch as well as a bed in the room в комнате,
    кроме кровати, была также кушетка
    _Ex:
    he gave me advice as well as money кроме денег он дал мне
    также совет
    _Ex:
    he was a real scholar as well as a great composer этот
    великий композитор был также настоящим ученым
    _Ex:
    by day as well as by night не только ночью, но и днем

    НБАРС > as as

  • 8 good

    ɡud
    1. comparative - better; adjective
    1) (well-behaved; not causing trouble etc: Be good!; She's a good baby.) bueno; educado
    2) (correct, desirable etc: She was a good wife; good manners; good English.) bueno, correcto
    3) (of high quality: good food/literature; His singing is very good.) bueno
    4) (skilful; able to do something well: a good doctor; good at tennis; good with children.) bueno, competente
    5) (kind: You've been very good to him; a good father.) bueno, amable
    6) (helpful; beneficial: Exercise is good for you.; Cheese is good for you.) bueno; útil, beneficioso
    7) (pleased, happy etc: I'm in a good mood today.) bueno, buen (humor), satisfecho, contento
    8) (pleasant; enjoyable: to read a good book; Ice-cream is good to eat.) bueno, agradable
    9) (considerable; enough: a good salary; She talked a good deal of nonsense.) bueno, apropiado, adecuado, suficiente
    10) (suitable: a good man for the job.) bueno, apto, cualificado, adecuado
    11) (sound, fit: good health; good eyesight; a car in good condition.) bueno; sano; en buenas condiciones
    12) (sensible: Can you think of one good reason for doing that?) bueno
    13) (showing approval: We've had very good reports about you.) bueno, positivo
    14) (thorough: a good clean.) bueno; profundo
    15) (healthy or in a positive mood: I don't feel very good this morning.) bien, sano, en forma

    2. noun
    1) (advantage or benefit: He worked for the good of the poor; for your own good; What's the good of a broken-down car?) bien, provecho, beneficio
    2) (goodness: I always try to see the good in people.) bien, bondad, lado bueno

    3. interjection
    (an expression of approval, gladness etc.) bueno, bien

    4. interjection
    ((also my goodness) an expression of surprise etc.) ¡Dios mío!
    - goody
    - goodbye
    - good-day
    - good evening
    - good-for-nothing
    - good humour
    - good-humoured
    - good-humouredly
    - good-looking
    - good morning
    - good afternoon
    - good-day
    - good evening
    - good night
    - good-natured
    - goodwill
    - good will
    - good works
    - as good as
    - be as good as one's word
    - be up to no good
    - deliver the goods
    - for good
    - for goodness' sake
    - good for
    - good for you
    - him
    - Good Friday
    - good gracious
    - good heavens
    - goodness gracious
    - goodness me
    - good old
    - make good
    - no good
    - put in a good word for
    - take something in good part
    - take in good part
    - thank goodness
    - to the good
    good1 adj
    1. bueno
    2. bueno / amable
    he's been very good to me ha sido muy amable conmigo / se ha portado muy bien conmigo
    good for you! ¡bien hecho!
    to be good at something tener facilidad para algo / ser bueno en algo
    El comparativo de good es better; el superlativo es best
    good2 n bien
    what's the good of shouting if nobody can hear you? ¿de qué sirve gritar si nadie te oye?
    tr[gʊd]
    adjective (comp better, superl best)
    1 bueno,-a (before m sing noun) buen
    2 (healthy) sano,-a
    3 (beneficial) bueno,-a
    4 (kind) amable
    5 (well-behaved) bueno,-a
    ■ be good! ¡sé bueno!
    6 (useful) servible
    1 muy
    1 ¡bien!
    1 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (in shop) género m sing, artículos nombre masculino plural
    1 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (merchandise) mercancías nombre femenino plural
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    a good deal bastante
    all in good time todo a su debido tiempo
    as good as como si, prácticamente, casi
    for good para siempre
    for the good of en bien de
    good afternoon buenas tardes
    good evening buenas tardes
    Good Friday Viernes Santo
    good heavens!, good grief! ¡cielo santo!
    good morning buenos días
    good night buenas noches
    it's a good job menos mal
    that's a good one! (joke) ¡ésta sí que es buena!
    to be as good as new estar como nuevo,-a
    to be as good as gold ser un ángel
    to be good at tener aptitudes para
    to be good for a laugh familiar ser muy divertido,-a, ser muy cachondo,-a
    ■ he's good for nothing no sirve para nada, es un inútil
    to be up to no good estar tramando algo
    to deliver the goods (literally) repartir las mercancías 2 (fig) cumplir sus compromisos
    to do good hacer bien
    to feel good sentirse bien
    to have a good time pasarlo bien
    to look good (person) tener buen aspecto 2 (food) tener buena pinta
    to make good (be successful) tener éxito, salir bien 2 (reform) reformarse 3 (compensate) indemnizar
    what's the good of «+ ger»? ¿de qué sirve + inf?
    ■ what's the good of denying it? ¿de qué sirve negarlo?
    goods train tren nombre masculino de mercancías
    goods wagon furgón nombre masculino, vagón nombre masculino de mercancías
    goods yard estación nombre femenino de mercancías
    good ['gʊd] adv
    a good strong rope: una cuerda bien fuerte
    2) well: bien
    good adj, better ['bɛt̬ər] ; best ['bɛst]
    1) pleasant: bueno, agradable
    good news: buenas noticias
    to have a good time: divertirse
    2) beneficial: bueno, beneficioso
    good for a cold: beneficioso para los resfriados
    it's good for you: es bueno para uno
    3) full: completo, entero
    a good hour: una hora entera
    4) considerable: bueno, bastante
    a good many people: muchísima gente, un buen número de gente
    5) attractive, desirable: bueno, bien
    a good salary: un buen sueldo
    to look good: quedar bien
    6) kind, virtuous: bueno, amable
    she's a good person: es buena gente
    that's good of you!: ¡qué amable!
    good deeds: buenas obras
    7) skilled: bueno, hábil
    to be good at: tener facilidad para
    8) sound: bueno, sensato
    good advice: buenos consejos
    9) (in greetings) : bueno
    good morning: buenos días
    good afternoon (evening): buenas tardes
    good night: buenas noches
    good n
    1) right: bien m
    to do good: hacer el bien
    2) goodness: bondad f
    3) benefit: bien m, provecho m
    it's for your own good: es por tu propio bien
    4) goods npl
    property: efectos mpl personales, posesiones fpl
    5) goods npl
    wares: mercancía f, mercadería f, artículos mpl
    6)
    for good : para siempre
    adj.
    • bueno, -a adj.
    n.
    • bien s.m.
    • provecho s.m.

    I gʊd
    1) adjective (comp better; superl best) [The usual translation, bueno, becomes buen when it is used before a masculine singular noun]
    2) <food/quality/book> bueno

    it smells good — huele bien, tiene rico or buen olor (AmL)

    to make good something: they undertook to make good the damage to the car se comprometieron a hacerse cargo de la reparación del coche; our losses were made good by the company la compañía nos compensó las pérdidas; to make good one's escape — lograr huir

    3) ( creditable) <work/progress/results> bueno
    4) (opportune, favorable) <moment/day/opportunity> bueno

    is this a good time to phone? — ¿es buena hora para llamar?

    it's a good job nobody was listening — (colloq) menos mal que nadie estaba escuchando

    5) (advantageous, useful) <deal/offer/advice> bueno

    burn it; that's all it's good for — quémalo, no sirve para otra cosa

    it's a good idea to let them know in advance — convendría or no sería mala idea avisarles de antemano

    good idea!, good thinking! — buena idea!

    6) ( pleasant) bueno

    to be in a good mood — estar* de buen humor

    did you have a good flight? — ¿qué tal el vuelo?

    7) (healthy, wholesome) <diet/habit/exercise> bueno

    I'm not feeling too good — (colloq) no me siento or no me encuentro muy bien

    9)

    good morning — buenos días, buen día (RPl)

    good! now to the next question — bien, pasemos ahora a la siguiente pregunta

    good grief/gracious! — por favor!

    very good, sir/madam — (frml) lo que mande el señor/la señora (frml)

    c) ( for emphasis) (colloq)
    d)

    as good as: it's as good as new está como nuevo; he as good as admitted it — prácticamente lo admitió

    10) (skilled, competent) bueno

    to be good AT something/-ING: to be good at languages tener* facilidad para los idiomas; he's good at ironing plancha muy bien; he is good with dogs/children tiene buena mano con or sabe cómo tratar a los perros/los niños; she is good with her hands — es muy habilidosa or mañosa

    11) (devoted, committed) bueno

    a good Catholic/socialist — un buen católico/socialista

    12)
    a) (virtuous, upright) bueno
    b) ( well-behaved) bueno

    be good — sé bueno, pórtate bien

    13) ( kind) bueno

    to be good TO somebody: she was very good to me fue muy amable conmigo, se portó muy bien conmigo; it was very good of you to come muchas gracias por venir; good old Pete — el bueno de Pete

    14) (decent, acceptable) bueno

    to have a good reputation — tener* buena reputación

    15) ( sound) <customer/payer> bueno
    16) ( valid) <argument/excuse> bueno

    it's simply not good enough! — esto no puede ser!, esto es intolerable!

    17) (substantial, considerable) <meal/salary/distance> bueno

    there were a good many people there — había bastante gente or un buen número de personas allí

    19) (thorough, intense) <rest/scolding> bueno

    II
    1)
    a) u ( moral right) bien m

    to do good — hacer* el bien

    to be up to no good — (colloq) estar* tramando algo, traerse* algo entre manos

    b) ( people)

    the good — (+ pl vb) los buenos

    2) u
    a) ( benefit) bien m

    for the good of somebody/something — por el bien de algn/algo

    to do somebody/something good — hacerle* bien a algn/algo

    lying won't do you any good at all — mentir no te llevará a ninguna parte, no ganarás or no sacarás nada con mentir

    b) ( use)

    are you any good at drawing? — ¿sabes dibujar?

    3) goods pl
    a) ( merchandise) artículos mpl, mercancías fpl, mercaderías fpl (AmS)

    manufactured goods — productos mpl manufacturados, manufacturas fpl

    to come up with o deliver the goods — (colloq) cumplir con lo prometido; (before n) <train, wagon> (BrE) de carga; < depot> de mercancías, de mercaderías (AmS)

    b) ( property) (frml) bienes mpl

    III

    it's been a good long while since... — ha pasado su buen tiempo desde...

    you messed that up good and proper, didn't you? — (BrE colloq) metiste bien la pata, ¿no? (fam)

    2) (AmE colloq) (well, thoroughly) bien
    [ɡʊd]
    1. ADJECTIVE
    (compar better) (superl best) When good is part of a set combination, eg in a good temper, a good deal of, good heavens, look up the noun. The commonest translation of good is bueno, which must be shortened to buen before a masculine singular noun.
    1) (=satisfactory)

    at the end of the day, it's a good investment — a fin de cuentas es una buena inversión

    Note that [bueno]/[buena] {etc} precede the noun in general comments where there is no attempt to compare or rank the person or thing involved:

    if he set his mind to it, he could be a very good painter — si se lo propusiera podría ser muy buen pintor

    [Bueno]/[buena] {etc} follow the noun when there is implied or explicit comparison:

    I'm not saying it's a good thing or a bad thing — no digo que sea una cosa buena, ni mala

    Use [ser] rather than [estar] with [bueno] when translating [to be good], unless describing food: Use [estar] with the adverb [bien] to give a general comment on a situation:

    you've written a book, which is good — has escrito un libro, lo que está bien

    his hearing is good — del oído está bien, el oído lo tiene bien

    b)

    • she's good at maths — se le dan bien las matemáticas, es buena en matemáticas

    • that's good enough for me — eso me basta

    it's just not good enough! — ¡esto no se puede consentir!

    40% of candidates are not good enough to pass — el 40% de los candidatos no dan el nivel or la talla para aprobar

    • to feel good — sentirse bien

    I don't feel very good about that * — (=I'm rather ashamed) me da bastante vergüenza

    • we've never had it so good! * — ¡nunca nos ha ido tan bien!, ¡jamás lo hemos tenido tan fácil!

    • how good is her eyesight? — ¿qué tal está de la vista?

    • you're looking good — ¡qué guapa estás!

    things are looking good — las cosas van bien, la cosa tiene buena pinta *

    • you can have too much of a good thing — lo mucho cansa (y lo poco agrada)

    • it's too good to be true — no puede ser, es demasiado bueno para ser cierto

    he sounds too good to be true! — ¡algún defecto tiene que tener!

    • she's good with cats — entiende bien a los gatos, sabe manejarse bien con los gatos

    good 2., manner 4), a), mood II, 1., time 1., 5)
    2) (=of high quality)
    3) (=pleasant) [holiday, day] bueno, agradable; [weather, news] bueno

    • it was as good as a holiday — aquello fue como unas vacaciones

    • have a good journey! — ¡buen viaje!

    • how good it is to know that...! — ¡cuánto me alegro de saber que...!

    • it's good to see you — me alegro de verte, gusto en verte (LAm)

    • have a good trip! — ¡buen viaje!

    alive, life 1., 3)
    4) (=beneficial, wholesome) [food] bueno, sano; [air] puro, sano

    • it's good for burns — es bueno para las quemaduras

    it's good for you or your health — te hace bien

    all this excitement isn't good for me! — ¡a mí todas estas emociones no me vienen or sientan nada bien!

    it's good for the soul! — hum ¡ennoblece el espíritu!, ¡te enriquece (como persona)!

    5) (=favourable) [moment, chance] bueno

    • it's a good chance to sort things out — es una buena oportunidad de or para arreglar las cosas

    • I tried to find something good to say about him — traté de encontrar algo bueno que decir de él

    • it would be a good thing or idea to ask him — no estaría mal or no sería mala idea preguntárselo

    • this is as good a time as any to do it — es tan buen momento como cualquier otro para hacerlo

    6) (=useful)

    the only good chair — la única silla que está bien, la única silla servible or sana

    • to be good for (doing) sth — servir para (hacer) algo

    he's good for nothing — es un inútil, es completamente inútil

    7) (=sound, valid) [excuse] bueno

    • unless you have a good excuse — a menos que tengas una buena excusa

    • for no good reason — sin motivo alguno

    • he is a good risk — (financially) concederle crédito es un riesgo asumible, se le puede prestar dinero

    word 1., 1)
    8) (=kind)

    • that's very good of you — es usted muy amable, ¡qué amable (de su parte)!

    • he was so good as to come with me — tuvo la amabilidad de acompañarme

    please would you be so good as to help me down with my case? — ¿me hace el favor de bajarme la maleta?, ¿tendría la bondad de bajarme la maleta? more frm

    would you be so good as to sign here? — ¿me hace el favor de firmar aquí?

    • he's a good sort — es buena persona or gente

    • he was good to me — fue muy bueno or amable conmigo, se portó bien conmigo

    nature 1., 2)
    9) (=well-behaved) [child] bueno

    be good! — (morally) ¡sé bueno!; (in behaviour) ¡pórtate bien!; (at this moment) ¡estáte formal!

    - be as good as gold
    10) (=upright, virtuous) bueno

    he's a good man — es una buena persona, es un buen hombre

    • I think I'm as good as him — yo me considero tan buena persona como él

    • yes, my good man — sí, mi querido amigo

    • send us a photo of your good self — frm tenga a bien enviarnos una foto suya

    • she's too good for him — ella es más de lo que él se merece

    lady 1., 5)
    11) (=close) bueno

    • he's a good friend of mine — es un buen amigo mío

    my good friend Fernando — mi buen or querido amigo Fernando

    12) (=middle-class, respectable)

    • to live at a good address — vivir en una buena zona or en un buen barrio

    • he's got no money but he's of good family — no tiene dinero pero es or viene de buena familia

    13) (=creditable)
    14) (=considerable) [supply, number] bueno

    we were kept waiting for a good hour/thirty minutes — nos tuvieron esperando una hora/media hora larga, nos tuvieron esperando por lo menos una hora/media hora

    a good £10 — lo menos 10 libras

    • a good many or few people — bastante gente

    15) (=thorough) [scolding] bueno

    • to have a good cry — llorar a lágrima viva, llorar a moco tendido *

    • to have a good laugh — reírse mucho

    • to take a good look (at sth) — mirar bien (algo)

    • to have a good wash — lavarse bien

    16)

    • good morning — buenos días

    • good afternoon/ evening — buenas tardes

    • good day — † (=hello) ¡buenos días!; (=goodbye) ¡hasta mañana!

    • good night — buenas noches

    • with every good wish, with all good wishes — (in letter) saludos, un fuerte abrazo

    good! — ¡muy bien!

    (that's) good! — ¡qué bien!, ¡qué bueno! (LAm)

    very good, sir — sí, señor

    • good for you! — ¡bien hecho!; (=congratulations) ¡enhorabuena!

    • good one! — (=well done, well said) ¡muy bien!, ¡sí señor!

    old 1., 5) as good as

    as good as saying... — tanto como decir...

    to come good good and... to hold good valer ( for para) it's a good job

    (it's a) good job he came! * — ¡menos mal que ha venido!

    make 1., 3), riddance, thing 2)
    2. ADVERB

    a good long walk — un paseo bien largo, un buen paseo

    - give as good as one gets
    good and proper

    they were cheated good and proper * — les timaron bien timados *, les timaron con todas las de la ley *

    2) (esp US) * (=well) bien

    "how are you?" - "thanks, I'm good" — -¿cómo estás? -muy bien, gracias

    3. NOUN
    1) (=virtuousness) el bien

    • to do good — hacer (el) bien

    • good and evil — el bien y el mal

    • he is a power for good — su influencia es muy buena or beneficiosa, hace mucho bien

    • for good or ill — para bien o para mal

    • there's some good in him — tiene algo bueno

    • to be up to no good * — estar tramando algo

    2) (=advantage, benefit) bien m

    • a rest will do you some good — un descanso te sentará bien

    a (fat) lot of good that will do you! * — iro ¡menudo provecho te va a traer!

    much good may it do you! — ¡no creo que te sirva de mucho!, ¡para lo que te va a servir!

    • for your own good — por tu propio bien

    • to be in good with sb — estar a bien con algn

    • that's all to the good! — ¡menos mal!

    • what good will that do you? — ¿y eso de qué te va a servir?

    what's the good of worrying? — ¿de qué sirve or para qué preocuparse?

    3) (=people of virtue)
    the good los buenos any good

    is he any good? — [worker, singer etc] ¿qué tal lo hace?, ¿lo hace bien?

    is this any good? — ¿sirve esto?

    is she any good at cooking? — ¿qué tal cocina?, ¿cocina bien?

    for good (and all) (=for ever) para siempre no good

    it's no good — (=no use) no sirve

    it's no good, I'll never get it finished in time — así no hay manera, nunca lo terminaré a tiempo

    it's no good worrying — de nada sirve or vale preocuparse, no se saca nada preocupándose

    4.
    COMPOUNDS

    the Good Book N — (Rel) la Biblia

    good deeds NPL — = good works

    Good Friday N — (Rel) Viernes m Santo

    good guy N — (Cine) bueno m

    good looks NPL — atractivo msing físico

    * * *

    I [gʊd]
    1) adjective (comp better; superl best) [The usual translation, bueno, becomes buen when it is used before a masculine singular noun]
    2) <food/quality/book> bueno

    it smells good — huele bien, tiene rico or buen olor (AmL)

    to make good something: they undertook to make good the damage to the car se comprometieron a hacerse cargo de la reparación del coche; our losses were made good by the company la compañía nos compensó las pérdidas; to make good one's escape — lograr huir

    3) ( creditable) <work/progress/results> bueno
    4) (opportune, favorable) <moment/day/opportunity> bueno

    is this a good time to phone? — ¿es buena hora para llamar?

    it's a good job nobody was listening — (colloq) menos mal que nadie estaba escuchando

    5) (advantageous, useful) <deal/offer/advice> bueno

    burn it; that's all it's good for — quémalo, no sirve para otra cosa

    it's a good idea to let them know in advance — convendría or no sería mala idea avisarles de antemano

    good idea!, good thinking! — buena idea!

    6) ( pleasant) bueno

    to be in a good mood — estar* de buen humor

    did you have a good flight? — ¿qué tal el vuelo?

    7) (healthy, wholesome) <diet/habit/exercise> bueno

    I'm not feeling too good — (colloq) no me siento or no me encuentro muy bien

    9)

    good morning — buenos días, buen día (RPl)

    good! now to the next question — bien, pasemos ahora a la siguiente pregunta

    good grief/gracious! — por favor!

    very good, sir/madam — (frml) lo que mande el señor/la señora (frml)

    c) ( for emphasis) (colloq)
    d)

    as good as: it's as good as new está como nuevo; he as good as admitted it — prácticamente lo admitió

    10) (skilled, competent) bueno

    to be good AT something/-ING: to be good at languages tener* facilidad para los idiomas; he's good at ironing plancha muy bien; he is good with dogs/children tiene buena mano con or sabe cómo tratar a los perros/los niños; she is good with her hands — es muy habilidosa or mañosa

    11) (devoted, committed) bueno

    a good Catholic/socialist — un buen católico/socialista

    12)
    a) (virtuous, upright) bueno
    b) ( well-behaved) bueno

    be good — sé bueno, pórtate bien

    13) ( kind) bueno

    to be good TO somebody: she was very good to me fue muy amable conmigo, se portó muy bien conmigo; it was very good of you to come muchas gracias por venir; good old Pete — el bueno de Pete

    14) (decent, acceptable) bueno

    to have a good reputation — tener* buena reputación

    15) ( sound) <customer/payer> bueno
    16) ( valid) <argument/excuse> bueno

    it's simply not good enough! — esto no puede ser!, esto es intolerable!

    17) (substantial, considerable) <meal/salary/distance> bueno

    there were a good many people there — había bastante gente or un buen número de personas allí

    19) (thorough, intense) <rest/scolding> bueno

    II
    1)
    a) u ( moral right) bien m

    to do good — hacer* el bien

    to be up to no good — (colloq) estar* tramando algo, traerse* algo entre manos

    b) ( people)

    the good — (+ pl vb) los buenos

    2) u
    a) ( benefit) bien m

    for the good of somebody/something — por el bien de algn/algo

    to do somebody/something good — hacerle* bien a algn/algo

    lying won't do you any good at all — mentir no te llevará a ninguna parte, no ganarás or no sacarás nada con mentir

    b) ( use)

    are you any good at drawing? — ¿sabes dibujar?

    3) goods pl
    a) ( merchandise) artículos mpl, mercancías fpl, mercaderías fpl (AmS)

    manufactured goods — productos mpl manufacturados, manufacturas fpl

    to come up with o deliver the goods — (colloq) cumplir con lo prometido; (before n) <train, wagon> (BrE) de carga; < depot> de mercancías, de mercaderías (AmS)

    b) ( property) (frml) bienes mpl

    III

    it's been a good long while since... — ha pasado su buen tiempo desde...

    you messed that up good and proper, didn't you? — (BrE colloq) metiste bien la pata, ¿no? (fam)

    2) (AmE colloq) (well, thoroughly) bien

    English-spanish dictionary > good

  • 9 vogue words, buzz words and catch phrases

    •• Речевая мода и ее влияние на язык – тема неисчерпаемая. Модные слова, «словечки», выражения, фразы – все то, что объединяется английскими словосочетаниями в заголовке этой статьи, – играют огромную роль в развитии любого языка, возможно не меньшую, чем необходимость именовать новые явления действительности. Нельзя согласиться с мнением, что языковая мода – явление чисто паразитарное, эфемерное, что модные слова исчезают, не оставляя следа или перерождаются в стертые клише. Во всех этих «обвинениях» есть доля истины (достаточно вспомнить такие модные сейчас слова-паразиты как как бы и на самом деле), но человек, который хочет понять язык и общество, не может позволить себе ими ограничиваться. Что касается переводчика, то он должен «следить за модой» во всех языках, с которыми он работает.

    •• Почему в какой-то момент большинство из нас вдруг начинает все чаще говорить «однозначно», «структуры», «вменяемый», «разборка», «подковерная борьба» и тому подобное? Для всех этих слов и выражений нетрудно найти синонимы, которыми мы раньше прекрасно обходились. Некоторые из этих слов встречались в нашей речи и раньше, правда, далеко не так часто, как до возникшего поветрия. То же самое происходит время от времени и в английском языке. Чаще всего это происходит так: все большее число говорящих подхватывают какое-либо слово или выражение из числа общеупотребительных (relate to, manipulate, pipeline), терминологических (schizophrenia, subtext, synergy, oxymoron), жаргонных (no-brainer, reality check) и даже иностранных (déjà vu, chic, macho) и без особой на то видимой причины такое слово становится общепонятным в определенном значении (иногда туманном, размытом – relate to, forward-looking, а иногда – в четком и даже единичном – no-brainer, subtext). К этой же категории я отношу популярные в какой-то период словосочетания и «прецедентные высказывания» типа Нам такой хоккей не нужен или The buck stops here (см. статью policy, politics, politician). Учитывая необъятность темы, ограничимся краткими комментариями к этим и нескольким другим чисто иллюстративным примерам.
    •• basket case – это словосочетание приобрело широкое хождение в последние годы, чаще всего в варианте economic basket case:
    •• 1. South Korea’s President converted an economic basket case into an industrial powerhouse (Time). – Президент Южной Кореи привел страну от экономической разрухи к расцвету индустриальной мощи;
    •• 2. After World War I, when the Hapsburg empire was split up, little Austria seemed a basket case (Paul A. Samuelson). – После второй мировой войны и распада габсбургской империи казалось, что экономика маленькой Австрии обречена.
    •• Последний пример заимствован из The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Правда, я не согласен с авторами словаря, относящими это выражение к сленгу. Но его определение здесь – ясное и точное: one that is in a completely hopeless or useless condition. Словарь приводит и мрачновато-циничную этимологию этого словосочетания: In origin it had a physical meaning. In the grim slang of the British army during World War I, it referred to a quadruple amputee. Многочисленные примеры подтверждают следующее наблюдение: In popular usage basket case refers to someone in a hopeless mental condition. Вот фраза, найденная на сайте www.gospelcom.net: I don’t want to turn my daughter into some kind of high pressured basket case. – Я не хочу, чтобы моя дочь превратилась в измотанного/перегруженного проблемами неврастеника. If Gloria has one more crisis, she’ll be a basket case (Wayne Magnuson). – Еще один такой кризис, и Глорию впору будет лечить. В 80-е годы культовую популярность приобрел фильм режиссера Фрэнка Хененлаттера Basket Case, но его сюжет подсказывает скорее дословный перевод – «Человек из корзины» (можно, наверное попробовать и что-нибудь типа «Совсем пропащий»).
    •• been there, done that – модное выражение, означающее то же самое, что наше на эти грабли мы (вы) уже наступали. Встречается в речи госсекретаря США Мадлен Олбрайт (вообще любительницы модных словечек);
    •• bragging rights – This gives him bragging rights – это то же самое, что и одинаково модное выражение his claim to fame – предмет гордости или апломба;
    •• breathless – в значении, иллюстрируемом приводимыми ниже примерами, этого слова нет ни в одном (!) известном мне словаре английского языка. Возможно, оно не выделяется говорящими по-английски как отдельное значение, но, на мой взгляд, оно этого явно заслуживает. Итак, примеры:
    •• 1. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld spent an hour on television refuting “the questions, allegations and breathless reports” [about the treatment of Al Qaeda prisoners] (Washington Post);
    •• 2. Malcolm Parks, a communications professor at the University of Washington, accuses Young of making “breathless statements” based on skewed stories (Reason Magazine);
    •• 3. More disturbing than this announcement is the Tennis Academy’s breathless characterization of Monique (сайт CNN и Sports Illustrated – www.cnnsi.com).
    •• Посмотрим теперь значения этого слова по одному из наиболее полных словарей – The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language:
    •• 1. Breathing with difficulty; gasping: was breathless from running. 2. Marked by the suspension of regular breathing, as from tension or excitement: a breathless audience. 3. Causing or capable of causing the suspension of regular breathing; tense or exciting: a breathless flight. 4. a) Not breathing; without breath. b) Dead. 5. Having no air or breeze; still: a breathless summer day.
    •• Ни одно из определений явно не подходит к значению слова breathless в наших примерах. Это значение вытекает из своего рода «метафорического расширения» – представим себе человека, делающего какое-то заявление или высказывание, если можно так выразиться, не переводя дыхания, не вздохнув, не подумав. Отсюда предлагаемые переводы. В первом случае: Министр обороны Рамсфельд в течение часа опровергал по телевидению «безосновательные утверждения, вопросы и сообщения» (позволим себе здесь небольшую перестановку). Во втором случае: ...поспешные заявления, основанные на искаженной информации. Наконец, в третьем примере (disturbing... breathless characterization) можно говорить о непродуманной и даже неумной характеристике. В других контекстах могут пригодиться прилагательные опрометчивый, бездумный и, может быть, даже скоропостижный в его новомодном значении (см. русско-английскую часть словаря);
    •• closure – основное значение этого слова (например, в словосочетаниях school closure, military base closure, closure of debate) соответствует русским словам закрытие, завершение, прекращение. Подбор правильного соответствия не требует особых усилий. Правда, в некоторых случаях желательно достаточно полно представлять себе, о чем идет речь. Так, в последнем примере – closure of debate - имеется в виду принятая в Конгрессе США специальная процедура голосования с целью прекратить так называемый филибастер – преднамеренное затягивание прений. Этимологически и в смысловом отношении близко к первоначальному и значение этого слова в словосочетании closure of a deal - примерно то же самое, что у нас оформление сделки. Webster’s Third International Dictionary дает как устаревшее значение agreement. Мне, однако, не раз приходилось слышать его именно в этом значении из уст госсекретаря США Джорджа Шульца: We need to come to closure on this issue before the summit. Дальнейшее развитие основного значения привело к широко распространившемуся в последнее время новому оттенку, еще не отраженному в большинстве словарей. Определение, найденное мною в Cambridge Dictionary of American English, оставляет желать лучшего: the satisfying feeling that something bad or shocking has finally ended (и пример: Only the recovery of the bodies of the victims of the crash would bring closure to their families). Все в этом определении, особенно слово satisfying, сильно огрубляет действительную картину.
    •• Обратимся к материалу телеканала «Би-би-си» о состоявшейся 28 октября 2001 года в Нью-Йорке поминальной службе по жертвам трагедии 11 сентября: One word was on everyone’s lips at Sunday’s memorial service for victims of the World Trade Center disaster – “closure”. Дальше в тексте множество «подсказок», позволяющих точнее истолковать это слово: It is difficult for the grieving relatives to come to terms with their loss... It’s difficult to come to grips with... It’s another step in putting this behind you... и наоборот: This is not closure to me, it just opens a wound. I don’t think I’ll ever heal from this. В другом контексте: Jessica Patterson, a former Enron employee, said Jeffrey K. Skilling, the former chief executive [...] “didn’t say anything that brought any closure” (New York Times). Как мне кажется, перевод этого слова в данном значении почти всегда контекстуален и в какой-то мере – дело вкуса и такта. Это может быть облегчение, исцеление, вариант с глаголами примириться или смириться (с потерей), может быть, даже итог или катарсис. Впрочем, иногда перевод, как говорится, напрашивается: There was much questioning whether the trial would finally bring closure to the single darkest event in the history of Alabama (www.africana.com). – Многие задаются вопросом, сможет ли этот судебный процесс подвести черту под самым мрачным событием в истории Алабамы;
    •• conventional wisdom – популярное с некоторых пор выражение, означающее общепринятое мнение (далее обычно следует его опровержение или уточнение);
    •• to be in denial – из психиатрии это выражение перешло в разряд широко употребительных. Из письма возмущенного читателя (явно не поклонника Клинтона) в редакцию журнала Time: Are we in denial? Are we not aware that America’s declining moral and ethical standards are reflected in the polls that sanction the alleged conduct of the President? ( Sanction здесь означает одобрять, допускать. Случай употребления этого слова в обратном по существу значении см. в статье treat, treatment.) В психиатрии to be in denial означает отторгать, не желать воспринимать неприятную, негативную информацию. В переводе данного примера можно ограничиться вполне обиходным Неужели мы не хотим видеть очевидного?
    •• empower – сверхмодное слово! Его и образованные от него слова см. в статье empower, empowering, empowerment;
    •• forward-looking – стало модно в самое последнее время. Значение довольно размытое. Что-то среднее между прогрессивный, перспективный и интересный, серьезный;
    •• fungible – до недавнего времени это модное словцо, в переводе которого словари вряд ли помогут, встречалось в основном в финансово-экономических текстах: Money is fungible означает, что деньги легко перетекают из одной сферы в другую, что они не могут быть «помечены». Удачного сжатого русского перевода мне не встречалось. Но вот недавно в журнале Fortune обратило на себя внимание такое предложение: In Florio’s hands, truth is a fungible commodity. Inside the company it is well known, as a former executive puts it, that “anytime Florio tells you a number, you should cut it in half.” Из контекста очевиден смысл: Для Флорио правда – понятие растяжимое. Еще пример из «антиклинтоновской речи» сенатора Либермана: I am afraid that the misconduct the president has admitted may be reinforcing one of the worst messages being delivered by our popular culture, which is that values are fungible. Здесь тот же смысл:...недопустимое поведение президента подкрепляет утвердившееся в нашей культуре вредоносное утверждение, что мораль – понятие растяжимое/условное/относительное;
    •• get a life – недавно это выражение встретилось в неожиданном контексте – кроссворде в газете New York Times. Там оно определено просто – a 90’s catch phrase. Обычно эта фраза (в повелительном наклонении) обращена к юным лоботрясам: Get a life! Означает примерно Возьмись за ум! или Не проспи жизнь!
    •• hoops – новомодное (после вышедшего несколько лет назад одноименного документального фильма о подающих надежды юных баскетболистах) значение этого слова пока нашло отражение только в некоторых Интернет-словарях, например в www.dictionary.com. Hoops – баскетбол (делится на pro и college – профессиональный и по правилам университетской лиги), hoopster – баскетболист;
    •• governance – согласно словарям – книжное. В последнее время стало широко употребимым. См. в статье government, governance;
    •• hyperventilate – Новый БАРС содержит слово hyperventilation с пометой физиол., мед. – гипервентиляция, перенасыщение кислородом крови. Глагол to hyperventilate – глубоко дышать, практиковать глубокое дыхание. В толковых словарях английского языка информации больше. The American Heritage Dictionary определяет to hyperventilate как to breathe abnormally fast or deeply; to breathe in this manner as from excitement or anxiety. Войдя в моду, это слово стало означать нечто вроде задыхаться от возмущения, возбуждения или в пылу полемики. Часто приходится подыскивать контекстуальный перевод, что можно проиллюстрировать следующими примерами:
    •• 1. Some of Mr. Ashcroft’s critics want to use his nomination to hyperventilate about abortion and the like (Wall Street Journal). - Некоторые критики г-на Эшкрофта хотят использовать его назначение, чтобы устроить истерику по поводу таких проблем, как аборты;
    •• 2. Try not to hyperventilate and reach for the Rolaids when CNBC shows shiny graphics of your stocks soaring on one day and plummeting the next (из брошюры инвестиционного дома Charles Schwab Tips on Buying Stocks for Beginners). – Старайтесь не паниковать/не падать в обморок всякий раз, когда вы видите по телевизору красочные диаграммы, показывающие, как акции, еще вчера шедшие резко вверх, обрушиваются вниз ( Rolaids – таблетки от изжоги, но в данном случае этой реалией можно в переводе пренебречь);
    •• 3. Even if you hyperventilate at the idea of looking for a new job, there are times when you should do it (Washingtonian). – Даже если вам противна сама мысль о поисках работы, бывают моменты, когда этим приходится заняться;
    •• 4. Democrats, it seems, are into sex, while Republicans hyperventilate on power (рецензия на кинофильм Clear and Present Danger). – Похоже, что демократы увлекаются сексом, а республиканцы помешаны на власти;
    •• manipulate, manipulative – не все словари фиксируют значение этого глагола ловко использовать в собственных целях. Соответственно, модное He is very manipulative невозможно перевести при помощи «эквивалента», предлагаемого Новым БАРСом,- связанный с манипуляцией, управлением ( машиной и т.п.). Возможный контекстуальный перевод: Он мастер интриги или Он ловко манипулирует людьми;
    •• no-brainer – из молодежного жаргона перешло в обиходную речь многих американцев (аналогичный пример – слова cool, weird, в комментариях не нуждающиеся). Значение этого словца простое – эквивалент нашего тоже «молодежного» – это ежу ясно;
    •• oxymoron – для большинства из нас полузабытый термин из области языкознания (стилистический прием, основанный на сочетании антонимических по значению слов, например, cruel kindness). Для образованных англичан и американцев – любое внутренне противоречивое высказывание или явление (см. также статью schizophrenia, schizophrenic). The radical center is an oxymoron only if you believe that the left and right still define all the worthwhile ideas and policies (New Yorker). – Концепция «радикального центра» внутренне противоречива лишь в глазах тех, кто считает, что все идеи и политические направления по-прежнему сводятся к «левым» и «правым»;
    •• pipeline – пример модного сейчас употребления этого слова (кстати, отраженного в наиболее полных словарях) из журнала Fortune: The firm is running off its backlog, and the pipeline is running dry. – Фирма работает за счет прежних заказов, а новых становится все меньше. In the pipeline – близко к русскому в работе, на подходе;
    •• proactive – см. отдельную словарную статью;
    •• reinvent – вошло в моду в 1990-е годы. To reinvent government – переосмыслить роль государства; to reinvent welfare – перестроить систему социальной помощи;
    •• relate to – фраза I don’t relate to it может означать едва ли не все, что угодно, например, Мне это неинтересно, или Я этого не понимаю, или даже Я с этим не согласен. То входит в моду, то выходит из нее;
    •• reality check – первоначально из молодежного жаргона. Из речи yuppies – состоятельных молодых людей либеральных профессий – перекочевало в лексику различных слоев общества. Mrs. Albright... said she aimed to provide both Israelis and Palestinians with a reality check (International Herald Tribune). – Олбрайт заявила, что собирается напомнить как израильтянам, так и палестинцам о некоторых реальностях;
    •• schizophrenia – см. отдельную словарную статью;
    •• stakeholder – до недавнего времени просто акционер, но в последние два-три года с быстротой молнии распространилось новое значение – сторона, участник какого-либо общественного процесса. Как правило, имеются в виду государство, деловые круги, общественные движения, организации, отражающие интересы различных слоев общества, и т.д. Отсюда словосочетание multistakeholder dialogue, которое, чтобы не усложнять себе жизнь, лучше переводить просто многосторонний диалог;
    •• synergy – согласно Новому БАРСу, это слово относится либо к медицинской терминологии ( синергия), либо к разряду книжных слов. В современном английском встречается сплошь и рядом в значении сочетание взаимно усиливающих друг друга сил, явлений, тенденций и т.п. или просто любое сочетание, как в этом примере из журнала New Yorker: I don’t think that these synergies would work. I wonder whether a writer would want to spend his time managing his business rather than writing;
    •• vision – это чрезвычайно модное слово см. в статье philosophy;
    •• to walk the talk – неожиданно вошедшая в моду фраза, выражающая мысль о том, что слово не должно расходиться с делом. Lazard is a group of important people giving important people advice. Doubtless Rohatyn counted himself among the former, and he did walk the talk (Fortune);
    •• - wise – так же, как и -ism, относится к модным суффиксам. При его помощи образуются какие угодно слова – policy-wise, talent-wise, credibility-wise и т.д. Все они без особого труда понимаются и переводятся при помощи словосочетаний с точки зрения, в смысле, в аспекте.
    •• В заключение простой совет – не увлекайтесь модными словами и фразами (равно как и жаргонными и другими фразеологическими выражениями) по крайней мере до тех пор, пока у вас не будет уверенности, что вы их полностью «прочувствовали». Иначе можно попасть впросак, перепутав или смысл, или связанные со словом ассоциации, или допустив совсем ненужную вам иронию. За модой надо, конечно, следить, быть «во всеоружии», но, мне кажется, что говорить на иностранном языке, да и на родном, надо просто и ясно.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > vogue words, buzz words and catch phrases

  • 10 good

    good [gʊd]
    bon ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (c), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(e), 1E (a)-(d), 2 (a) beau ⇒ 1A (a), 1D (b) gentil ⇒ 1B (a) sage ⇒ 1B (b) favorable ⇒ 1C (b) bien ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 pour ainsi dire ⇒ 5 pour de bon ⇒ 6
    (compar better ['betə(r)], superl best [best])
    A.
    (a) (enjoyable, pleasant → book, feeling, holiday) bon, agréable; (→ weather) beau (belle);
    ∎ we're good friends nous sommes très amis;
    ∎ we're just good friends on est des amis, c'est tout;
    ∎ she has a good relationship with her staff elle a un bon contact avec ses employés;
    ∎ they have a good sex life sexuellement, tout va bien entre eux;
    ∎ they had a good time ils se sont bien amusés;
    ∎ we had good weather during the holidays il faisait beau pendant nos vacances;
    ∎ good to eat/to hear bon à manger/à entendre;
    ∎ it's good to be home ça fait du bien ou ça fait plaisir de rentrer chez soi;
    ∎ it's good to be alive il fait bon vivre;
    ∎ wait until he's in a good mood attendez qu'il soit de bonne humeur;
    ∎ to feel good être en forme;
    ∎ he doesn't feel good about leaving her alone (worried) ça l'ennuie de la laisser seule; (ashamed) il a honte de la laisser seule;
    ∎ it's too good to be true c'est trop beau pour être vrai ou pour y croire;
    ∎ the good life la belle vie;
    ∎ she's never had it so good! elle n'a jamais eu la vie si belle!;
    ∎ this is as good as you can get or as it gets c'est ce qui se fait de mieux;
    ∎ have a good day! bonne journée!;
    ∎ it's good to see you je suis/nous sommes content(s) de te voir;
    ∎ American familiar good to see you content de te voir;
    ∎ you can have too much of a good thing on se lasse de tout, même du meilleur
    (b) (high quality → clothing, dishes) bon, de bonne qualité; (→ painting, film) bon; (→ food) bon;
    ∎ it's a good school c'est une bonne école;
    ∎ he speaks good English il parle bien anglais;
    ∎ she put her good shoes on elle a mis ses belles chaussures;
    ∎ I need a good suit j'ai besoin d'un bon costume;
    ∎ this house is good enough for me cette maison me suffit;
    ∎ if it's good enough for you, it's good enough for me si ça vous va, alors ça me va aussi;
    ∎ this isn't good enough ça ne va pas;
    ∎ this work isn't good enough ce travail laisse beaucoup à désirer;
    ∎ nothing is too good for her family rien n'est trop beau pour sa famille;
    ∎ it makes good television ça marche bien à la télévision
    (c) (competent, skilful) bon, compétent;
    ∎ do you know a good lawyer? connaissez-vous un bon avocat?;
    ∎ she's a very good doctor c'est un excellent médecin;
    ∎ he's a good swimmer c'est un bon nageur;
    ∎ she's a good listener c'est quelqu'un qui sait écouter;
    ∎ to be good in bed être bien au lit;
    ∎ he's too good for that job il mérite une meilleure situation;
    ∎ to be good at sth être doué pour ou bon en qch;
    ∎ they're good at everything ils sont bons en tout;
    ∎ he's good with children il sait s'y prendre avec les enfants;
    ∎ to be good with one's hands être habile ou adroit de ses mains;
    ∎ they're not good enough to direct the others ils ne sont pas à la hauteur pour diriger les autres;
    ∎ you're as good as he is tu le vaux bien, tu vaux autant que lui;
    ∎ she's as good an artist as you are elle vous vaut en tant qu'artiste;
    ∎ to be good on French history/contract law (author) être bon en histoire de France/sur le droit des contrats;
    ∎ to be good on sth (book) être complet sur qch;
    ∎ the good gardening guide (title of book) le guide du bon jardinier
    (d) (useful) bon;
    ∎ to be good for nothing être bon à rien;
    ∎ this product is also good for cleaning windows ce produit est bien aussi pour nettoyer les vitres
    ∎ good afternoon! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) bon après-midi!;
    ∎ good day! British or & American old-fashioned (hello) bonjour!; British old-fashioned (goodbye) adieu!;
    ∎ good evening! bonsoir!;
    ∎ good morning! (hello) bonjour!; (goodbye) au revoir!, bonne journée!
    B.
    (a) (kind) bon, gentil; (loyal, true) bon, véritable; (moral, virtuous) bon;
    ∎ good behaviour or conduct bonne conduite f;
    ∎ she's a good person c'est quelqu'un de bien;
    ∎ he's a good sort c'est un brave type;
    ∎ she proved to be a good friend elle a prouvé qu'elle était une véritable amie;
    ∎ he's been a good husband to her il a été pour elle un bon mari;
    ∎ you're too good for him tu mérites mieux que lui;
    ∎ they took advantage of his good nature ils ont profité de son bon naturel ou caractère;
    ∎ he's a good Christian/communist c'est un bon chrétien/communiste;
    ∎ to lead a good life (comfortable) avoir une belle vie; (moral) mener une vie vertueuse ou exemplaire;
    ∎ they've always been good to me ils ont toujours été gentils avec moi;
    ∎ life has been good to me j'ai eu de la chance dans la vie;
    ∎ that's very good of you c'est très aimable de votre part;
    ∎ he was very good about it il s'est montré très compréhensif;
    ∎ it's good of you to come c'est aimable ou gentil à vous d'être venu;
    ∎ would you be good enough to ask him? auriez-vous la bonté de lui demander?, seriez-vous assez aimable pour lui demander?;
    ∎ would you be good enough to reply by return of post? voudriez-vous avoir l'obligeance de répondre par retour du courrier?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous and how's your good lady? et comment va madame?;
    ∎ old-fashioned or humorous my good man mon brave;
    ∎ literary good men and true des hommes vaillants;
    ∎ literary the good ship Caledonia le Caledonia
    ∎ be good! sois sage!;
    ∎ be a good boy and fetch Mummy's bag sois mignon, va chercher le sac de maman;
    ∎ good dog! (encouraging) oh, le beau chien!; (congratulating) c'est bien, le chien!
    C.
    (a) (desirable, positive) bon, souhaitable; (cause) bon;
    ∎ it's a good thing she's prepared to talk about it c'est une bonne chose qu'elle soit prête à en parler;
    ∎ she had the good fortune to arrive just then elle a eu la chance d'arriver juste à ce moment-là;
    ∎ it's a good job or good thing he decided not to go c'est une chance qu'il ait décidé de ou heureusement qu'il a décidé de ne pas y aller;
    ∎ all good wishes for the New Year tous nos meilleurs vœux pour le nouvel an
    (b) (favourable → contract, deal) avantageux, favorable; (→ opportunity, sign) bon, favorable;
    ∎ to buy sth at a good price acheter qch bon marché ou à un prix avantageux;
    ∎ you've got a good chance tu as toutes tes chances;
    ∎ she's in a good position to help us elle est bien placée pour nous aider;
    ∎ there are good times ahead l'avenir est prometteur;
    ∎ he put in a good word for me with the boss il a glissé un mot en ma faveur au patron;
    ∎ it's looking good (is going well) ça a l'air de bien se passer; (is going to succeed) ça se présente bien;
    ∎ he's looking good (of boxer, athlete, election candidate) il a toutes ses chances
    (c) (convenient, suitable → place, time) bon, propice; (→ choice) bon, convenable;
    ∎ it's a good holiday spot for people with children c'est un lieu de vacances idéal pour ceux qui ont des enfants;
    ∎ is this a good moment to ask him? est-ce un bon moment pour lui demander?;
    ∎ this is as good a time as any autant le faire maintenant;
    ∎ it's as good a way as any to do it c'est une façon comme une autre de le faire
    (d) (beneficial) bon, bienfaisant;
    ∎ protein-rich diets are good for pregnant women les régimes riches en protéines sont bons pour les femmes enceintes;
    ∎ eat your spinach, it's good for you mange tes épinards, c'est bon pour toi;
    ∎ hard work is good for the soul! le travail forme le caractère!;
    ∎ whisky is good for a cold le whisky est bon pour les rhumes;
    ∎ to be good for business être bon pour les affaires;
    ∎ he's not good for her il a une mauvaise influence sur elle;
    ∎ this cold weather isn't good for your health ce froid n'est pas bon pour ta santé ou est mauvais pour toi;
    ∎ it's good for him to spend time outdoors ça lui fait du bien ou c'est bon pour lui de passer du temps dehors;
    ∎ he works more than is good for him il travaille plus qu'il ne faudrait ou devrait;
    ∎ figurative he doesn't know what's good for him il ne sait pas ce qui est bon pour lui;
    ∎ figurative if you know what's good for you, you'll listen si tu as le moindre bon sens, tu m'écouteras
    D.
    (a) (sound, strong) bon, valide;
    ∎ I can do a lot with my good arm je peux faire beaucoup de choses avec mon bras valide;
    ∎ my eyesight/hearing is good j'ai une bonne vue/l'ouïe fine
    (b) (attractive → appearance) bon, beau (belle); (→ features, legs) beau (belle), joli;
    ∎ you're looking good! (healthy) tu as bonne mine!; (well-dressed) tu es très bien!;
    ∎ that colour looks good on him cette couleur lui va bien;
    ∎ she has a good figure elle est bien faite;
    ∎ the vase looks good there le vase rend très bien là
    (c) (valid, well-founded) bon, valable;
    ∎ she had a good excuse/reason for not going elle avait une bonne excuse pour/une bonne raison de ne pas y aller;
    ∎ I wouldn't have come without good reason je ne serais pas venu sans avoir une bonne raison;
    ∎ they made out a good case against drinking tap water ils ont bien expliqué pourquoi il ne fallait pas boire l'eau du robinet
    (d) (reliable, trustworthy → brand, car) bon, sûr; Commerce & Finance (→ cheque) bon; (→ investment, securities) sûr; (→ debt) bon, certain;
    ∎ my passport is good for five years mon passeport est bon ou valable pour cinq ans;
    ∎ this coat is good for another year ce manteau fera encore un an;
    ∎ familiar she's good for another ten years elle en a bien encore pour dix ans;
    ∎ familiar he's always good for a laugh il sait toujours faire rire□ ;
    ∎ how much money are you good for? (do you have) de combien d'argent disposez-vous?;
    ∎ he should be good for a couple of hundred pounds on devrait pouvoir en tirer quelques centaines de livres;
    ∎ they are or their credit is good for £500 on peut leur faire crédit jusqu'à 500 livres
    (e) (honourable, reputable) bon, estimé;
    ∎ they live at a good address ils habitent un quartier chic;
    ∎ to protect their good name pour défendre leur réputation;
    ∎ the firm has a good name la société a (une) bonne réputation;
    ∎ she's from a good family elle est de bonne famille;
    ∎ a family of good standing une famille bien
    E.
    (a) (ample, considerable) bon, considérable;
    ∎ a good amount or deal of money beaucoup d'argent;
    ∎ a good (round) sum une somme rondelette;
    ∎ a good few people pas mal de gens;
    ∎ take good care of your mother prends bien soin de ta mère;
    ∎ to make good money bien gagner sa vie;
    ∎ I make good money je gagne bien ma vie;
    ∎ we still have a good way to go nous avons encore un bon bout de chemin à faire;
    ∎ I was a good way into the book when I realized that… j'avais déjà bien avancé dans ma lecture quand je me suis rendu compte que…;
    ∎ a good thirty years ago il y a bien trente ans;
    ∎ the trip will take you a good two hours il vous faudra deux bonnes heures pour faire le voyage;
    ∎ she's been gone a good while ça fait un bon moment qu'elle est partie;
    ∎ they came in a good second ils ont obtenu une bonne deuxième place;
    ∎ there's a good risk of it happening il y a de grands risques que ça arrive
    (b) (proper, thorough) bon, grand;
    ∎ I gave the house a good cleaning j'ai fait le ménage à fond;
    ∎ have a good cry pleure un bon coup;
    ∎ we had a good laugh on a bien ri;
    ∎ I managed to get a good look at his face j'ai pu bien regarder son visage;
    ∎ take a good look at her regardez-la bien;
    ∎ he got a good spanking il a reçu une bonne fessée;
    ∎ familiar we were good and mad on était carrément furax;
    ∎ she'll call when she's good and ready elle appellera quand elle le voudra bien;
    ∎ I was good and sorry to have invited her j'ai bien regretté de l'avoir invitée
    (c) (acceptable) bon, convenable;
    ∎ we made the trip in good time le voyage n'a pas été trop long;
    ∎ that's all very good or all well and good but→ c'est bien joli ou bien beau tout ça mais…
    (d) (indicating approval) bon, très bien;
    ∎ I'd like a new suit - very good, sir! j'ai besoin d'un nouveau costume - (très) bien, monsieur!;
    ∎ she left him - good! elle l'a quitté - tant mieux!;
    ∎ he's feeling better - good, let him go il va mieux - très bien, laissez-le partir;
    ∎ good, that's settled bon ou bien, voilà une affaire réglée;
    ∎ (that) sounds good! (good idea) bonne idée!;
    ∎ that's a good question c'est une bonne question;
    ∎ familiar that's a good one! (joke) elle est (bien) bonne, celle-là!; ironic (far-fetched story) à d'autres!;
    ∎ familiar good on you or for you! bravo!, très bien!;
    ∎ good old Eric, I knew he wouldn't let us down! ce brave Eric, je savais qu'il ne nous laisserait pas tomber!;
    ∎ good old London le bon vieux Londres;
    ∎ the good old days le bon vieux temps
    (a) (as intensifier) bien, bon;
    ∎ a good hard bed un lit bien dur;
    ∎ I'd like a good hot bath j'ai envie de prendre un bon bain chaud;
    ∎ he needs a good sound spanking il a besoin d'une bonne fessée;
    ∎ the two friends had a good long chat les deux amis ont longuement bavardé;
    ∎ we took a good long walk nous avons fait une bonne ou une grande promenade
    (b) familiar (well) bien□ ;
    ∎ she writes good elle écrit bien;
    ∎ the boss gave it to them good and proper le patron leur a passé un de ces savons;
    ∎ their team beat us good and proper leur équipe nous a battus à plate couture ou à plates coutures;
    ∎ I'll do it when I'm good and ready je le ferai quand ça me chantera;
    ∎ I like my coffee good and strong j'aime le café bien fort;
    ∎ make sure it's stuck on good and hard vérifie que c'est vraiment bien collé;
    ∎ put the paint on good and thick appliquer la peinture en couches bien épaisses
    ∎ to make good (succeed) réussir; (reform) changer de conduite, se refaire une vie;
    ∎ a local boy made good un garçon du pays ou du coin qui a fait son chemin;
    ∎ the prisoner made good his escape le prisonnier est parvenu à s'échapper ou a réussi son évasion;
    ∎ they made good their promise ils ont tenu parole ou ont respecté leur promesse;
    ∎ he made good his position as leader il a assuré sa position de leader;
    ∎ to make sth good (mistake) remédier à qch; (damages, injustice) réparer qch; (losses) compenser qch; (deficit) combler qch; (wall, surface) apporter des finitions à qch;
    ∎ we'll make good any expenses you incur nous vous rembourserons toute dépense;
    ∎ American to make good on sth honorer qch
    3 noun
    (a) (morality, virtue) bien m;
    ∎ they do good ils font le bien;
    ∎ that will do more harm than good ça fera plus de mal que de bien;
    ∎ to return good for evil rendre le bien pour le mal;
    ∎ that organization is a power for good cet organisme exerce une influence salutaire;
    ∎ she recognized the good in him elle a vu ce qu'il y avait de bon en lui;
    ∎ there is good and bad in everyone il y a du bon et du mauvais en chacun de nous;
    ∎ to be up to no good préparer un mauvais coup;
    ∎ their daughter came to no good leur fille a mal tourné;
    ∎ for good or evil, for good or ill pour le bien et pour le mal
    ∎ this book isn't much good to me ce livre ne me sert pas à grand-chose;
    ∎ if it's any good to him si ça peut lui être utile ou lui rendre service;
    ∎ I was never any good at mathematics je n'ai jamais été doué pour les maths, je n'ai jamais été bon ou fort en maths;
    ∎ he's no good il est nul;
    ∎ he'd be no good as a teacher il ne ferait pas un bon professeur;
    ∎ what's the good? à quoi bon?;
    ∎ what good would it do to leave now? à quoi bon partir maintenant?;
    ∎ what good will it do you to see her? ça te servira à quoi ou t'avancera à quoi de la voir?;
    ∎ familiar a fat lot of good that did you! te voilà bien avancé maintenant!;
    ∎ ironic that will do you a lot of good! tu seras bien avancé!, ça te fera une belle jambe!;
    ∎ it's no good, I give up ça ne sert à rien, j'abandonne;
    ∎ it's no good worrying about it ça ne sert à rien de ou ce n'est pas la peine de ou inutile de vous inquiéter;
    ∎ I might as well talk to the wall for all the good it does je ferais aussi bien de parler au mur, pour tout l'effet que ça fait
    (c) (benefit, welfare) bien m;
    ∎ I did it for your own good je l'ai fait pour ton (propre) bien;
    ∎ a holiday will do her good des vacances lui feront du bien;
    ∎ she resigned for the good of her health elle a démissionné pour des raisons de santé;
    ∎ it does my heart good to see you so happy ça me réchauffe le cœur de vous voir si heureux;
    ∎ much good may it do you! grand bien vous fasse!;
    ∎ the common good l'intérêt m commun
    ∎ (people) the good les bons mpl, les gens mpl de bien;
    ∎ the good and the bad les bons et les méchants;
    ∎ only the good die young ce sont toujours les meilleurs qui partent les premiers
    pour ainsi dire, à peu de choses près;
    ∎ I'm as good as blind without my glasses sans lunettes je suis pour ainsi dire aveugle;
    ∎ he's as good as dead c'est comme s'il était mort;
    ∎ the job is as good as finished la tâche est pour ainsi dire ou est pratiquement finie;
    ∎ it's as good as new c'est comme neuf;
    ∎ he as good as admitted he was wrong il a pour ainsi dire reconnu qu'il avait tort;
    ∎ they as good as called us cowards ils n'ont pas dit qu'on était des lâches mais c'était tout comme;
    ∎ are you married? - as good as tu es marié? - non, mais c'est tout comme
    pour de bon;
    ∎ she left for good elle est partie pour de bon;
    ∎ they finally settled down for good ils se sont enfin fixés définitivement;
    ∎ for good and all une (bonne) fois pour toutes, pour de bon;
    ∎ I'm warning you for good and all! c'est la dernière fois que je te le dis!
    ∎ that's all to the good tant mieux;
    ∎ he finished up the card game £15 to the good il a fait 15 livres de bénéfice ou il a gagné 15 livres aux cartes
    ►► the Good Book la Bible;
    Good Friday le vendredi saint;
    American familiar good old boy or good ole boy or good ol' boy (white male from Southern US) = Blanc originaire du sud des États-Unis, aux valeurs traditionnelles; pejorative (redneck) plouc m;
    Bible the Good Samaritan le bon Samaritain;
    figurative good Samaritan bon Samaritain m;
    ∎ she's a real good Samaritan elle a tout du bon Samaritain;
    American Law the good Samaritan laws = lois qui protègent un sauveteur de toutes poursuites éventuelles engagées par le blessé;
    the Good Shepherd le Bon Pasteur
    ✾ Book 'A Good Enough Parent' Bettelheim 'Pour être des parents acceptables'
    ✾ Book 'Good as Gold' Heller 'Franc comme l'or'
    ✾ Film 'The Good, the Bad and the Ugly' Leone 'Le Bon, la brute et le truand'
    ⓘ GOOD FRIDAY En Grande-Bretagne, il est traditionnel, le jour du vendredi saint, de manger des "hot cross buns" (petits pains ronds aux fruits secs, marqués d'une croix).
    ⓘ THE GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT Le processus de paix en Irlande du Nord, qui a été amorcé par les cessez-le-feu des groupes paramilitaires républicains et unionistes en 1994, a abouti au "Good Friday Agreement", l'accord de paix signé à Belfast en avril 1998. Cet accord, parrainé par les Premiers ministres britannique et irlandais, et finalement approuvé par le Sinn Féin et par la plupart des partis unionistes, a mis en place la "Northern Ireland Assembly", un parlement quasi autonome avec un partage démocratique du pouvoir entre les communautés protestante et catholique. Cet accord est une étape vers la fin de trente ans de guerre civile en Ulster.
    ⓘ You've never had it so good Ce slogan a été utilisé pour la première fois aux États-Unis en 1952 par les Démocrates. Il signifie "vous êtes aujourd'hui plus prospères que jamais". En Grande-Bretagne, ce slogan est associé au Premier ministre conservateur Harold Macmillan qui l'utilisa dans un discours en 1957. Aujourd'hui, on utilise cette formule sur le mode ironique lorsqu'une situation n'encourage pas du tout à l'optimisme.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > good

  • 11 press

    pres
    1. verb
    1) (to use a pushing motion (against): Press the bell twice!; The children pressed close to their mother.) apretar, presionar
    2) (to squeeze; to flatten: The grapes are pressed to extract the juice.) exprimir, estrujar; prensar
    3) (to urge or hurry: He pressed her to enter the competition.) presionar; apremiar
    4) (to insist on: The printers are pressing their claim for higher pay.) presionar, insistir
    5) (to iron: Your trousers need to be pressed.) planchar

    2. noun
    1) (an act of pressing: He gave her hand a press; You had better give your shirt a press.) apretón; planchado
    2) ((also printing-press) a printing machine.) prensa
    3) (newspapers in general: It was reported in the press; (also adjective) a press photographer.) prensa
    4) (the people who work on newspapers and magazines; journalists: The press is/are always interested in the private lives of famous people.) prensa
    5) (a device or machine for pressing: a wine-press; a flower-press.) prensa
    •
    - press conference
    - press-cutting
    - be hard pressed
    - be pressed for
    - press for
    - press forward/on
    press1 n prensa
    press2 vb apretar / pulsar
    to print the document, press F7 para imprimir el documento, pulsa F7
    tr[pres]
    1 (newspapers) prensa
    ■ the gutter press la prensa sensacionalista, la prensa amarilla
    2 (printing machine) prensa, imprenta
    3 (for grapes, flowers) prensa
    1 (push down - button, switch) pulsar, apretar, presionar; (- accelerator) pisar; (- key on keyboard) pulsar; (- trigger) apretar
    3 (crush - fruit) exprimir, estrujar; (- grapes, olives, flowers) prensar
    4 (clothes) planchar, planchar a vapor
    5 (record) imprimir
    6 (urge, put pressure on) presionar, instar; (insist on) insistir en, exigir
    1 (push) apretar, presionar
    2 (crowd) apretujarse, apiñarse
    3 (urge, pressurize) presionar, insistir; (time) apremiar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at the time of going to press al cierre de la edición
    to go to press entrar en prensa
    to have a good/bad press tener buena/mala prensa
    to press a point recalcar un punto
    to press charges against somebody presentar cargos contra alguien, formular cargos contra alguien
    to press home an advantage aprovechar una ventaja
    press agency agencia de prensa
    press conference conferencia de prensa, rueda de prensa
    press cutting recorte nombre masculino de prensa
    press box tribuna de prensa
    press release comunicado de prensa
    press stud botón nombre masculino de presión
    press ['prɛs] vt
    1) push: apretar
    2) squeeze: apretar, prensar (frutas, flores, etc.)
    3) iron: planchar (ropa)
    4) urge: instar, apremiar
    he pressed me to come: insistió en que viniera
    press vi
    1) push: apretar
    press hard: aprieta con fuerza
    2) crowd: apiñarse
    3) : abrirse paso
    I pressed through the crowd: me abrí paso entre el gentío
    4) urge: presionar
    1) crowd: multitud f
    2) : imprenta f, prensa f
    to go to press: entrar en prensa
    3) urgency: urgencia f, prisa f
    4) printer, publisher: imprenta f, editorial f
    5)
    the press : la prensa
    freedom of the press: libertad de prensa
    adj.
    • de prensa adj.
    n.
    (§ pl.: presses) = estampa s.f.
    • imprenta s.f.
    • prensa s.f.
    • presión s.f.
    • urgencia s.f.
    v.
    • empujar v.
    • estrechar v.
    • estrujar v.
    • gravitar v.
    • instar v.
    • oprimir v.
    • planchar v.
    • prensar v.
    • presionar v.
    • pulsar (Tecla, botón) v.
    • urgir v.
    pres
    I
    1) u
    a) (newspapers, journalists) prensa f

    the freedom of the press — la libertad de prensa; (before n) <box, gallery> de (la) prensa

    press agency — (BrE) agencia f de prensa

    press agent — encargado, -da m,f de prensa

    press clipping o (BrE) cutting — recorte m de prensa

    press office — oficina f de prensa

    press photographer — reportero gráfico, reportera gráfica m,f

    press release — comunicado m de prensa

    press run — (AmE) tirada f

    to get a good/bad press — tener* buena/mala prensa, tener* buena/mala acogida por parte de la prensa

    2) c
    a) ( printing press) prensa f, imprenta f
    b) ( publishing house) editorial f
    3) c (for pressing - grapes, flowers, machine parts) prensa f; (- trousers) prensa f plancha-pantalones

    II
    1.
    1) ( push) \<\<button/doorbell\>\> apretar*, pulsar; \<\<pedal/footbrake\>\> pisar
    2)
    a) ( squeeze) apretar*
    b) ( in press) \<\<grapes/olives/flowers\>\> prensar
    c) \<\<disk/album\>\> imprimir*
    d) \<\<clothes\>\> planchar
    3)

    when pressed, she admitted it — cuando la presionaron, lo admitió

    to press somebody FOR something/to + INF: I pressed him for an answer insistí en que or exigí que me diera una respuesta; they pressed him to change his policy — ejercieron presión sobre él para que cambiara de política

    b) ( pursue)

    to press charges against somebody — presentar or formular cargos en contra de alguien


    2.
    vi
    1)

    press firmly — presione or apriete con fuerza

    to press (down) ON something — apretar* algo, hacer* presión sobre algo

    b) (crowd, push) \<\<people\>\> apretujarse, apiñarse
    2) (urge, pressurize) presionar

    to press FOR something: they've been pressing for an inquiry han estado presionando para que se haga una investigación; time presses o is pressing — el tiempo apremia

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [pres]
    1. NOUN
    1) (Publishing)
    a) (=newspapers collectively) prensa f

    • to get or have a good/ bad press — (lit, fig) tener buena/mala prensa

    • the press — (=newspapers, journalists) la prensa

    the press reported that... — la prensa informó que...

    member of the press — periodista mf, miembro mf de la prensa

    the national/local press — la prensa nacional/regional

    free 1., 4), gutter I, 2.
    b) (=printing press) imprenta f

    • to go to press — entrar en prensa

    • hot off the press(es) — recién salido de la imprenta

    • to be in press — estar en prensa

    • to pass sth for press — aprobar algo para la prensa

    • to set the presses rolling — poner las prensas en marcha

    c) (=publishing firm) editorial f
    2) (=touch) (with hand) apretón m

    • at the press of a button — con solo apretar un botón

    • to give sth a press — planchar algo

    4) (=apparatus, machine) (for wine, olives, cheese, moulding) prensa f ; (also: trouser press) prensa f para planchar pantalones; (for racket) tensor m

    hydraulic press — prensa f hidráulica

    cider 2., printing 2.
    5) (=crush) apiñamiento m, agolpamiento m
    6) (Weightlifting) presa f
    7) (=cupboard) armario m
    2. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=push, squeeze)
    a) [+ button, switch, doorbell] pulsar, apretar; [+ hand, trigger] apretar; [+ accelerator] pisar

    select the option required, then press "enter" — escoja la opción que desee, y luego pulse or apriete "intro"

    • he pressed his face against the window — apretó la cara contra el cristal

    she pressed herself against me/the wall — se apretó contra mí/contra la pared

    • she pressed a note into his hand — le metió un billete en la mano

    • she pressed the lid on (to) the box — cerró la caja apretando la tapa

    • he pressed her to him — la atrajo hacia sí

    • he pressed his fingertips together — juntó las yemas de los dedos

    - press the flesh
    b) (painfully) apretujar

    as the crowd moved back he found himself pressed up against a wall — a medida que la multitud retrocedía, se vio apretujado contra una pared

    2) (using press) [+ grapes, olives, flowers] prensar
    3) (=iron) [+ clothes] planchar
    4) (Tech) (=make) [+ machine part] prensar; [+ record, disk] imprimir
    5) (=pressurize) presionar

    when pressed, she conceded the point — cuando la presionaron, les dio la razón

    • to press sb for sth — exigir algo de algn

    to press sb for payment — insistir en que algn pague, exigir a algn el pago de lo que se debe

    • to press sb into doing sth — obligar a algn a hacer algo

    • to press sb to do sth — (=urge) insistir en que algn haga algo; (=pressurize) presionar a algn para que haga algo

    pressed
    6) (=insist)

    she smiles coyly when pressed about her private life — cuando insisten en querer saber sobre su vida privada, sonríe con coquetería

    7) (=force)

    • to press sth on sb — insistir en que algn acepte algo

    8)

    • to be pressed into service, we were all pressed into service — todos tuvimos que ponernos a trabajar

    9) (=pursue) [+ claim] insistir en; [+ demand] exigir

    • his officials have visited Washington to press their case for economic aid — sus representantes han ido a Washington para hacer presión a favor de la ayuda económica

    • to press charges (against sb) — presentar cargos (contra algn)

    • the champion failed to press home his advantage — el campeón no supo aprovechar su ventaja

    • I shan't press the point — no insistiré más sobre eso

    suit 1., 4)
    3. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=exert pressure) apretar

    does it hurt when I press here? — ¿le duele cuando le aprieto aquí?

    • I felt something hard press into my back — noté la presión de algo duro que se apretaba contra mi espalda

    • the bone was pressing on a nerve — el hueso estaba pinzando un nervio

    2) (=move, push)

    • he pressed against her — se apretó contra ella

    • the crowd pressed round him — la muchedumbre se apiñó en torno a él

    • he pressed through the crowd — se abrió paso entre la muchedumbre

    • the audience pressed towards the exit — el público se apresuró hacia la salida

    3) (=urge, agitate)

    • to press for sth — exigir algo, insistir en algo

    to press for sb to resign — exigir la dimisión de algn, insistir en que algn dimita

    • time is pressing — el tiempo apremia

    4) (=weigh heavily)

    • to press on sb — pesar sobre algn

    4.
    COMPOUNDS

    press agency N — agencia f de prensa

    press agent N — encargado(-a) m / f de prensa

    press attaché N — agregado(-a) m / f de prensa

    press baron N — magnate m de la prensa

    press box N — tribuna f de prensa

    press briefing N — rueda f de prensa, conferencia f de prensa

    press card N — pase m de periodista, carnet m de prensa

    press clipping N — = press cutting

    press conference N — rueda f de prensa, conferencia f de prensa

    to call a press conference — convocar una rueda or una conferencia de prensa

    to hold a press conference — celebrar una rueda or una conferencia de prensa

    press corps N — prensa f acreditada

    press coverage N — cobertura f periodística

    press cutting N — recorte m (de periódico)

    press gallery N — tribuna f de prensa

    press gang N — (Hist) leva f

    press kit N — kit m de prensa

    press launch N — lanzamiento m de prensa

    press office N — oficina f de prensa

    press officer N — agente mf de prensa

    press pack N — (=information pack) dosier m de prensa; pej (=group of reporters) grupo m de reporteros; (=sensationalist press) prensa f amarilla

    press pass N — pase m de prensa

    press photographer N — fotógrafo(-a) m / f de prensa

    press release N — comunicado m de prensa

    to issue or put out a press release — publicar un comunicado de prensa

    press report N — nota f de prensa, reportaje m de prensa

    press room N — sala f de prensa

    press run N — (US) tirada f

    press secretary N — secretario(-a) m / f de prensa

    press stud N — (Brit) automático m, broche m de presión

    press view N — preestreno m (para prensa)

    * * *
    [pres]
    I
    1) u
    a) (newspapers, journalists) prensa f

    the freedom of the press — la libertad de prensa; (before n) <box, gallery> de (la) prensa

    press agency — (BrE) agencia f de prensa

    press agent — encargado, -da m,f de prensa

    press clipping o (BrE) cutting — recorte m de prensa

    press office — oficina f de prensa

    press photographer — reportero gráfico, reportera gráfica m,f

    press release — comunicado m de prensa

    press run — (AmE) tirada f

    to get a good/bad press — tener* buena/mala prensa, tener* buena/mala acogida por parte de la prensa

    2) c
    a) ( printing press) prensa f, imprenta f
    b) ( publishing house) editorial f
    3) c (for pressing - grapes, flowers, machine parts) prensa f; (- trousers) prensa f plancha-pantalones

    II
    1.
    1) ( push) \<\<button/doorbell\>\> apretar*, pulsar; \<\<pedal/footbrake\>\> pisar
    2)
    a) ( squeeze) apretar*
    b) ( in press) \<\<grapes/olives/flowers\>\> prensar
    c) \<\<disk/album\>\> imprimir*
    d) \<\<clothes\>\> planchar
    3)

    when pressed, she admitted it — cuando la presionaron, lo admitió

    to press somebody FOR something/to + INF: I pressed him for an answer insistí en que or exigí que me diera una respuesta; they pressed him to change his policy — ejercieron presión sobre él para que cambiara de política

    b) ( pursue)

    to press charges against somebody — presentar or formular cargos en contra de alguien


    2.
    vi
    1)

    press firmly — presione or apriete con fuerza

    to press (down) ON something — apretar* algo, hacer* presión sobre algo

    b) (crowd, push) \<\<people\>\> apretujarse, apiñarse
    2) (urge, pressurize) presionar

    to press FOR something: they've been pressing for an inquiry han estado presionando para que se haga una investigación; time presses o is pressing — el tiempo apremia

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > press

  • 12 late

    late [leɪt]
    (comparative later, superlative latest)
       a. ( = after scheduled time) to be late [person] être en retard
       c. ( = after usual time) [crop, flowers] tardif ; [booking] de dernière minute
       d. ( = at advanced time of day) tard
    • to have a late meal/lunch manger/déjeuner tard
    • there's a late film on Saturdays (at cinema) le samedi, il y a une séance supplémentaire le soir
    • the late film tonight is... (on TV) le film diffusé en fin de soirée est...
    • in late June/September fin juin/septembre
       f. ( = dead) feu (liter)
       a. ( = after scheduled time) [arrive] en retard ; [start, finish, deliver] avec du retard
       b. ( = after usual time) tard
       c. ( = at advanced time of day) [work, get up, sleep, start, finish] tard
       d. ( = near end of period) late in 1992 fin 1992
    • it wasn't until relatively late in his career that... ce n'est que vers la fin de sa carrière que...
    ► of late ( = lately) ces derniers temps
    * * *
    [leɪt] 1.
    1) ( after expected time) [arrival, rains, publication, implementation] tardif/-ive
    2) (towards end of day, season etc) [hour, supper, date, pregnancy] tardif/-ive
    3) ( deceased)
    2.
    1) ( after expected time) [arrive, start, finish] en retard

    to be running late — [person] être en retard; [train, bus] avoir du retard

    2) ( towards end of time period) [get up, open, close] tard

    late last night/in the evening — tard hier soir/dans la soirée

    it's a bit late (in the day) to do — fig c'est un peu tard pour faire

    Miss Stewart, late of 48 Temple Rd — Mlle Stewart, autrefois domiciliée au 48 Temple Rd

    3.
    of late adverbial phrase dernièrement, ces jours-ci

    English-French dictionary > late

  • 13 record

    rapport ⇒ 1 (a) dossier ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) procès-verbal ⇒ 1 (a) antécédents ⇒ 1 (b) disque ⇒ 1 (c) record ⇒ 1 (d), 3 noter ⇒ 4 (a) enregistrer ⇒ 4 (a)-(c), 5 rapporter ⇒ 4 (a) marquer ⇒ 4 (b), 4 (d)
    1 noun ['rekɔ:d]
    (a) (account, report) rapport m; (file) dossier m; (note) note f; (of attendance) registre m; (of proceedings, debate) procès-verbal m, compte rendu m;
    ∎ records (of government, police, hospital) archives fpl; (of learned society) actes mpl;
    ∎ to make a record of sth noter qch;
    ∎ Law to strike sth from the record rayer qch du procès-verbal;
    ∎ they keep a record of all deposits/all comings and goings ils enregistrent tous les versements/toutes les allées et venues;
    ∎ there is no record of their visit il n'existe aucune trace de leur visite;
    ∎ do you have any record of the transaction? avez-vous gardé une trace de la transaction?;
    ∎ there's no record of it anywhere ce n'est mentionné nulle part;
    ∎ the apparatus gives a permanent record of ground movements l'appareil enregistre en permanence les mouvements du sol;
    ∎ the book provides a record of 19th-century Parisian society le livre évoque la société parisienne du XIXème siècle;
    ∎ the carvings are a record of civilization on the island les sculptures témoignent de l'existence d'une civilisation sur l'île;
    ∎ the wettest June since records began le mois de juin le plus humide depuis que l'on tient des statistiques;
    ∎ public records office archives fpl nationales;
    ∎ police accident records liste f des accidents enregistrés par la police;
    ∎ a newspaper of record un journal qui fait autorité;
    ∎ to put or to set the record straight mettre les choses au clair
    (b) (past history) passé m, antécédents mpl; (reputation) réputation f; (criminal or police file) casier m (judiciaire);
    ∎ his past record (behaviour) ses antécédents; (achievements) ses résultats antérieurs;
    ∎ his past record with the firm son passé dans l'entreprise;
    ∎ given your record as a late payer vu vos antécédents de mauvais payeur;
    ∎ she has an excellent attendance record elle a été très assidue, elle n'a presque jamais été absente;
    ∎ the plane has a good safety record l'avion est réputé pour sa sécurité;
    ∎ the makers have an excellent record for high quality les fabricants sont très réputés pour l'excellente qualité de leurs produits;
    ∎ to have a (criminal) record avoir un casier judiciaire;
    ∎ to have a clean record avoir un casier judiciaire vierge;
    ∎ he has a record of previous convictions il a déjà été condamné;
    ∎ case record Medicine dossier m médical; Law dossier m judiciaire;
    ∎ Military service or army record états mpl de service;
    ∎ school record dossier m scolaire
    (c) (disc) disque m; (recording) enregistrement m;
    ∎ to play or to put on a record mettre ou passer un disque;
    ∎ to make or to cut a record faire ou graver un disque
    (d) (gen) & Sport record m;
    ∎ to set/to break a record établir/battre un record;
    ∎ to hold the record (for) détenir le record (de);
    ∎ the 200 m record le record du 200 m
    (e) Computing (in database) article m, enregistrement m
    ['rekɔ:d] (shop, collector) de disques
    ['rekɔ:d] (summer, temperature) record (inv);
    ∎ in record time en un temps record;
    ∎ to reach record levels atteindre un niveau record;
    ∎ a record number of spectators une affluence record;
    ∎ a record score un score record;
    ∎ unemployment is at a record high/low le chômage a atteint son chiffre le plus haut/bas
    4 transitive verb [rɪ'kɔ:d]
    (a) (take note of → fact, complaint, detail) noter, enregistrer, consigner; (→ in archives, on computer) enregistrer; (give account of → events) attester, rapporter; (→ thoughts, ideas) noter (par écrit), consigner, mettre sur papier; Law (judgment) minuter;
    ∎ your objection has been recorded nous avons pris acte de votre objection;
    ∎ to record the minutes or the proceedings of a meeting faire le procès-verbal ou le compte rendu d'une réunion;
    ∎ no biography records the visit aucune biographie ne fait mention de ou n'atteste la visite;
    ∎ the debate was recorded in the newsletter le débat a été rapporté dans le bulletin d'informations;
    ∎ their answer was not recorded leur réponse n'a pas été enregistrée;
    ∎ a photograph was taken to record the event une photographie a été prise pour rappeler cet événement;
    ∎ the book records life in medieval England le livre dépeint ou évoque la vie en Angleterre au Moyen Âge;
    ∎ history records that 30,000 soldiers took part selon les livres d'histoire, 30 000 soldats y ont participé;
    ∎ Parliament to record a vote (MP) voter;
    ∎ how many votes were recorded? combien de voix ont été exprimées?
    (b) (register → of equipment) enregistrer; (→ of dial, gauge) indiquer, marquer;
    ∎ the thermometer records 10° le thermomètre marque 10°;
    ∎ temperatures of 50° were recorded on a relevé des températures de 50°
    (c) (music, tape, TV programme) enregistrer;
    ∎ the group are in the studio recording their new album le groupe est dans le studio en train d'enregistrer son nouveau disque
    (d) Sport (score) marquer;
    ∎ he recorded a time of 10.7 seconds for the 100 metres il a couru le 100 m en 10,7 secondes
    [rɪ'kɔ:d] (on tape, video) enregistrer;
    ∎ leave the video, it's recording laisse le magnétoscope, il est en train d'enregistrer;
    ∎ his voice doesn't record well sa voix ne se prête pas bien à l'enregistrement
    pour mémoire, pour la petite histoire;
    ∎ just for the record, you started it! je te signale au passage que c'est toi qui as commencé!
    confidentiel;
    ∎ I want these remarks to be off the record je veux que ces remarques restent confidentielles;
    ∎ the negotiations were off the record (secret) les négociations étaient secrètes; (unofficial) les négociations étaient officieuses; (not reported) les négociations n'ont pas été rapportées (dans la presse); (not recorded) les négociations n'ont pas été enregistrées;
    ∎ all this is strictly off the record tout ceci doit rester strictement entre nous
    ∎ he admitted off the record that he had known il a admis en privé qu'il était au courant
    enregistré;
    ∎ it's on record that you were informed il est établi que vous étiez au courant;
    ∎ we have it on record that… il est attesté ou établi que…+ indicative;
    ∎ it isn't on record il n'y en a aucune trace;
    ∎ to put or to place sth on record (say) dire ou déclarer qch officiellement; (write) consigner qch par écrit;
    ∎ I wish to go on record as saying that… je voudrais dire officiellement ou publiquement que…+ indicative;
    ∎ it's the wettest June on record c'est le mois de juin le plus humide que l'on ait connu;
    ∎ it's the only example on record c'est le seul exemple connu
    ►► record buff discophile mf;
    record cabinet discothèque f (meuble);
    record card fiche f;
    record company maison f de disques;
    record deck platine f (tourne-disque);
    record holder (man) recordman m, détenteur m d'un record; (woman) recordwoman f, détentrice f d'un record;
    record label label m;
    record library discothèque f (de prêt);
    record player tourne-disque m, platine f (disques);
    record producer producteur m de disques;
    record token chèque-disque m

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > record

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